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Important Guiding Agencies in Education System | Notes |

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Important Guiding Agencies in Education System

Notes

Important Questions Answer

Guiding Agencies of Education System helps:

To know about the UNESCO, UGC, NCERT, NCTE, SCERT, DIET etc. and their functions.
They are guiding agencies or resources which use to take responsibilities of deciding upon educational principles, planning, financial assistance, maintaining of the qualitative standard and so on.
Guiding agencies can help in globalisation of education and in promoting international understanding.

1. What are the full form of UNESCO, UGC, NCTE, NCERT, SCERT, DIET ?

Ans: The full form of UNESCO, UGC, NCTE, NCERT, DIET are:

UNESCO: United Nation Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization.

UGC: University Grants Commission.

NCTE: National Council for Teacher Education.

NCERT: National Council of Educational Research and Training.

SCERT: State Council of Educational Research and Training.

2. In which year was the UNESCO was established?

Ans: In the year 1945.

3. In which year was the UGC was established?

Ans: UGC was established in 28th November, 1953 at New Delhi.

4. When UGC become a stationary organization or autonomy of the Government of India?

Ans: UGC become a stationary organization of the Government of India by the act of parliament in 5th November, 1956.

5. UGC was established under the recommendation of ___________ commission. (Fill in the blank).

Ans: Radhakrishna commission or University Education Commission 1948.

6. Under which commission the UGC was established in the year of 1953?

Ans: Under the University Education Commission 1948 or Radhakrishna commission 1948.

7. What are the two main purpose to set up of UGC?

Ans: Two main purpose to set up of UGC are:

(a) Allocation and disbursement of grants to universities.

(b) Co-ordination and maintenance of standard of education in India.

8. Mention six power and functions of UGC.

Ans: The six power and functions of UGC are mentioned below:

(i) The main function of UGC is that it co-ordinates different aspects of university education.

(ii) It provides the financial assistance, allocates and disburses fund to universities and college to meet their requirement.

(iii) It advises a guide line to the central and state government on the allocation of grants to an university.

(iv) It encourage higher level research work and teaching activity by providing financial assistance.

(v) It also provide the grants for higher education and new programmes in the universities and colleges.

(vi) It maintains uniformity of high academic standard of the universities.

(vii) It provides the fellowship for teachers and project work for retired universities and colleges teacher.

(viii) It maintains standard of examination and in undertaking research and experimentation.

(ix) It helps in collecting information on all matters relating to university education in the country and abroad.

9. In which year was the NCERT was established?

Ans: NCERT was established on 1st September, 1961.

10. Where is the head quarter of NCERT?

Ans: The head quarter of NCERT is at New Delhi.

11. Mention three broad functions of NCERT.

Ans: The three broad functions of NCERT are mention below:

(a) Research and development.

(b) In-service and pre-service training.

12. Mention six main functions of NCERT.

Ans: The main four functions of NCERT are:

(i) The council undertakes research in the field of secondary education relating to problems of curriculum construction, method of teaching, preparation of text books, measurement and evaluation process.

(ii) It takes responsibility of innovations and development of the teaching aids and instructional materials for secondary schools.

(iii) The council organises the pre-service and in-service teacher training programme in collaboration with the state governments.

(iv) It runs the four Regional Colleges of Education at Ajmer, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar and Mysore for promotion of teacher education and research at higher level.

(v) It acts as a co-ordinating agency between the central and the state government relating to implementation of the policies and programmes of education.

(vi) It acts as a clearing house for ideas and information relating to all matters on school education.

13. Mention the three main objectives of setting up of SCERT at the state level.

Ans: The three main objectives of setting up of SCERT at the state level are mentioned below:

(a) To facilitate organization of activities of different units and departments and manage their total development.

(b) To development an inter-disciplinary approach to solve the educational problems of the state.

14. Mention the name of any three academic departments of the SCERT.

Ans: The name of any three academic departments of the SCERT are:

(a) Department of Curriculum Development.

(b) Department of Educational Research and Examination Reform.

(d) Department of Science and Mathematics.

(e) Department of Languages Teaching.

(f) Department of Educational Technology.

(g) Department of Educational and Vocational Guidance.

(h) Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and SUPW.

15. Mention four functions of SCERT.

Ans: The four functions of SCERT are:

(i) The State council acts as a higher authority on development of school education and teacher education in the states.

(ii) It gives necessary instruction to the state government in regard to educational planning and policy making covering the entire 10+2 school education.

(iii) It gives instruction to the government on conducting educational research and on implementation of the research finding in the syllabi and curriculum.

(iv) The SCERT works through keeping coordination with the Secondary Board of Education and Higher Secondary Education Council of the state.

(v) It reviews and develops curriculum and text books for primary stage of education and for teacher training institutions.

16. In which year was the SCERT, Assam set up?

Ans: The SCERT, Assam set up on 29th March, 1985 at Guwahati.

17. Mention the name of any three academic departments of the SCERT, Assam.

Ans: The name of any three academic departments of the SCERT, Assam are:

(i) Department of Curriculum Development.

(ii) Department of Educational Research and Examination Reform.

(iii) Department of Teacher Education.

(iv) Department of Science and Mathematics and Language Teaching.

18. Mention four functions of SCERT, Assam.

Ans: The four functions of SCERT, Assam are:

(i) The State council of Assam takes responsibilities to undertake and assist in research and field studies on educational problems.

(ii) It develops curriculum and text books for school education and teacher education for training.

(iii) The council takes responsibilities to undertake all academic work relating to new educational policy.

(iv) It organize Seminars, Workshops etc. on improvement of teaching methodology.

19. Mention the name of any three academic branches of the DIET.

Ans: The name of any three academic branches of the DIET are:

(i) Pre-service Teacher Education Branch.

(ii) Work Experience Branch.

(iii) Educational Technology Branch.

(iv) Planning and Management Branch.

20. What are the three main functions of the DIET?

Ans: The three main functions of the DIET are;

(a) Teacher Training and Orientation programme.

(b) Academic and Resource Support.

21. Mention four functions of NCTE according to the Act of 1973.

Ans: The four functions of NCTE according to the Act of 1973 are :

(i) To prepare a programme for in-service teacher education for orienting teachers for latest development.

(ii) To Prepare a guideline and specified requirements for starting new courses and programmes under teacher-education.

(iii) To prepare a guideline with regard to minimum qualifications for the candidates to be employed as teacher-educators at different levels.

(iv) Methodology of teaching should be enriched by introducing self learning, problem solving and practical work.

Point to be Remember

The UNESCO was established in the year 1945 and its works divided into three main fields:

(a) Educational.

(b) Scientific.

UGC was established in 28th November, 1953 at New Delhi.
NCERT was established on 1st September, 1961 at New Delhi to provide academic support in improving the quality of school education in India.
The SCERT, Assam set up on 29th March, 1985 at Guwahati.
National Council of Teacher Education (NCTE) was set up in 1973 at New Delhi and It functions broadly under two heads:
(a) To regulate the functioning of the teacher training institutes.
(b) To provide professional support to teachers and teacher education.

Class-11 | Education | Notes

Chapter-1 Concept and Aims of Education.

Chapter-2 Stages of Human Development.

Chapter-3 School and Its Organisation.

Chapter-4 (A) Psychology and Education.

Chapter-4 (B) Educational psychology and Its Significance.

Chapter-5 Physical Basis of Mental Life.

Chapter-6 Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour.

Chapter-7 Primary Education in India and Assam.

Class-11 | Education | Question Papers |

2023-2024

2020-2022

2018-2019

2016-2017

Calendar of Content List:

August 2026
M	T	W	T	F	S	S
	1	2
3	4	5	6	7	8	9
10	11	12	13	14	15	16
17	18	19	20	21	22	23
24	25	26	27	28	29	30
31

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Defects of Present Day Curriculum | Notes |

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Defects of Present Day Curriculum | Notes |

Important Questions Answer

The curriculum is an integral part of the school system which facilitates a teacher to transfer his thought to the students but now a days, the curriculum includes all the experiences gained by the pupils in the school and the community

Therefore, in this title you will find important questions answer to know about:

Understand the meaning, definition and concept of curriculum.
Different types of Curriculum.
Different principles of curriculum construction.
The defects of present day curriculum.
Different types of Co-curricular activities, objectives and their importance.

1. From which Latin word has the word curriculum been derived?

Ans: The word ‘curriculum’ has been derived from the Latin word ‘currere’.

2. What is the meaning of the word ‘currere?

Ans: The word ‘currere’ means ‘to run’ or ‘race course’.

3. Define Curriculum.

Ans: In the words of Cunningham, “Curriculum is a tool in the hands of the artist (teacher) to mould his material (pupils) according to his ideals (aims and objectives) in his studio (school).

4. Discuss about various types of Curriculum.

Ans: There are basically divided into six types of curriculum which are briefly discussed below:

(i) Subject centred curriculum or Traditional curriculum:

This type of curriculum gives importance only for the intellectual development of a child and totally ignores the social and personal development of the child.

(ii) Activity curriculum:

This curriculum emphasises for the development of the constructive and creative urges of children which leads to the all round growth of their children.

(iii) Experience curriculum:

Experience curriculum takes place interaction between the teacher and the taught to share their rich and varied knowledge, skills, attitudes and appreciation between them.

(iv) Life centred curriculum:

This curriculum is also known as balanced curriculum which includes all the aspects of human activity and development to make enables the child to adjust himself properly to the complex and fast changing modern world.

(v) Child centred curriculum:

This type of curriculum follows the active method of learning by doing or learning through self-activity that believes in freedom, spontaneity, joy and delight in nature.

(vi) Correlated curriculum:

This curriculum is also be known as integrated curriculum. It believes in knowledge to be integrated and correlated rather than specialised and compart mentalised between theory and practice of knowledge.

5. Briefly explain about the principles that should adopted while constructing the curriculum?

Ans: The following principles should be followed while constructing a curriculum:

(i) Principle of Child-Centredness:

Child’s nature and need should be of primary consideration in the construction of curriculum. Therefore, the curriculum should be constructed keeping in view the present needs, interest, requirements and circumstances of the child.

(ii) Principle of Correlation:

The curriculum should not ignore the natural affinity. It should combine and correlate between theory and practice of knowledge.

(iii) Principle of Community Centredness:

A child is a future member of the society so that curriculum should train the child what the community wants him to become a successful member of the community.

(iv) Principle of Flexibility:

The curriculum should be flexible and dynamic. It should change the contents from time to time in order to keep it up-to-date.

(v) Principle of Utility:

The curriculum should include to make the child useful and productive member of the society. Therefore, work experience, technical and vocational subjects should be included in the curriculum to make it practical and useful.

(vi) Principle of training for leisure:

The curriculum should be designed as to train the students for utilizing their leisure time made for co-curricular activities.

6. Write four defects of the present day curriculum.

Ans: The four defects of the present day curriculum are:

(i) No place of Activity:

The present curriculum is mainly based on mere reading and learning of books. It does not give importance to the principle of ‘learning by doing’.

(ii) Unsuitable to children needs:

The curriculum does not cater the various needs and capacities of the children. As a result it has failed to serve the need of diversity of taste and talent of the students.

(iii) Dominated by examinations:

The present curriculum is just to memorise, pass the examination and get a job. It could not create genuine desire for knowledge and wider experience of life.

(iv) Not related to life:

The present curriculum is based on theorical and bookish knowledge. The subjects learnt have not importance at all related to our life means have no importance in our practical life.

(v) Narrowly Conceived:

Narrowly conceived is one another defect of the present day curriculum because it gives importance on subject instruction.

(vi) Over Crowding of Subject:

The Over Crowding of Subject matter or contents becomes difficult for the teacher to finish the courses and to make the students a big burden on their memory. This is also one another defect of present day curriculum.

(vii) Lack of Vocational Subjects:

Vocational subject is responsible in the present day curriculum but this basic need of the day to be neglected which could not make the students economically competent in life.

7. Discuss about various types of Co-Curricular Activities.

Ans: The co-curricular activities may be broadly divided into four major categories which are briefly discussed below:

(i) Physical Activities:

Such activities are boating, swimming, running, jumping, throwing, and other athletic programmes. These activities helps the students to maintain their physical health.

(ii) Academic Activities:

Academic activities such as recitation, essay writing, debates, extempore speech, etc. Such activities helps the child to develop his intellectual abilities like- power of thinking, reasoning and problem solving.

(iii) Social Activities:

Such activities like- NCC, Red cross, school cleanliness, etc. helps to train the students to develop desirable social qualities of cooperation, leadership, democratic values.

(iv) Emotional Activities:

This type of activities includes like singing, dancing, art, painting, craft works, etc. that helps the students to become emotionally matured in building a healthy personality.

8. Write four objectives of Co-curricular activities.

Ans: The four objectives of Co-curricular activities are:

(i) To inculcate democratic values in the students.

(ii) To prepare the students for social life.

(iii) To make the students self-reliant, self-disciplined, tolerant and sympathetic.

(iv) To remove the dullness of school life and make it interesting.

9. Mention six advantages of Co-curricular activities.

Ans: The six advantages of Co-curricular activities are mentioned below:

(i) Co-curricular activities can help in developing the psycho-physical health and hygiene, develop their manual and motor skill of the children.

(ii) They can help to identify the native talents, potentialities and prospects of children inherent in them.

(iii) These activities may provide ideal situation for training and development of the wider experiences necessary for our life.

(iv) Moral qualities like- tolerance, reverence, self control and will force may be developed in child’s personality through cocurricular activities.

(v) Emotional control and emotional maturity, development of finer sense of art and aesthetics may be achieved through co-curricular activities.

(vi) The co-curricular activities can help in the development of democratic values like-friendship, leadership, cooperation etc. in the children.

Class-11 | Education | Notes |

Chapter-1 Concept and Aims of Education.

Chapter-2 Stages of Human Development.

Chapter-3 School and Its Organisation.

Chapter-4 (A) Psychology and Education.

Chapter-4 (B) Educational psychology and Its Significance.

Chapter-5 Physical Basis of Mental Life.

Chapter-6 Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour.

Chapter-7 Primary Education in India and Assam.

Class-11 | Education | Question Papers |

2023-2024

2020-2022

2018-2019

2016-2017

Calendar of Content List:

August 2026
M	T	W	T	F	S	S
	1	2
3	4	5	6	7	8	9
10	11	12	13	14	15	16
17	18	19	20	21	22	23
24	25	26	27	28	29	30
31

Role of Teacher as a Facilitator | Motivator | Counsellor | Notes |

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Role of Teacher as a Facilitator | Motivator | Counsellor | Notes |

Important Question Answer

The teacher is the most important human resource required to have a complete school plant who also place an important role in moulding and shaping the attitudes, habits, manners, the character and the personality development of the students.

So therefore in this title, you will find important questions answer to know about:

The personal qualities of a Teacher.
Professional Qualities of a Teacher.
Role of Teacher as a Facilitator.
Role of Teacher as a Motivator.
Role of Teacher as Counsellor.
Challenges before a Teacher in the context.

1. Who define, “The teacher is like the candle which light others in consuming itself ?”

Ans: Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishna.

2. Who said, “ If there is any profession of paramount importance, I believe it is that of the school master ?”

Ans: Rabindranath Tagore.

3. Mention six personal qualities of a Teacher.

Ans: The six personal qualities of a Teacher are:

(i) Teacher should act as a friend, philosopher and guide for his students.

(ii) He should have natural love of children.

(iii) He should have a loud and clear voice.

(iv) He should be polite and well behaved.

(v) He should very punctual.

(vi) He should have love and respect for teaching profession.

4. Briefly discuss about six professional qualities of a Teacher.

Ans: The six professional qualities of a teacher are briefly discuss below:

(i) Mastery of the subject:

The teacher must have complete mastery over his own subject and also should keep on updating his knowledge on his subject through reading, journals, books or attending training courses.

(ii) Grasp over the method:

The teacher should adopt proper method of teaching to make his teaching and learning for more effective.

(iii) Planning and preparation:

The teacher should properly prepare himself in advanced what he is going to teach in the class.

(iv) Respect for the individuality of each child:

The teacher should understand that every child has his own individuality so that he should gives importance to the feelings and views of the child.

(v) Knowledge of child psychology:

The teacher should have knowledge of child psychology and also educational psychology that helps him to understand the learning problem of the students to solve them efficiently.

(vi) Awareness of the rules and regulations:

A teacher must keep himself fully acquainted with the rules and regulations of the school.

5. Mention four functions of a teacher as a Facilitator.

Ans: The teacher has to a great role as a “Learning facilitator”. As a facilitator Teacher should take the following steps:

(i) The teacher should make use of variety of teaching aids.

(ii) Teacher should encourage students to answer questions.

(iii) Teacher should use various methods of teaching and learning.

(iv) Better workshop facility should be provided for promoting the spirit of creativity, work-experience and a situation of work-culture in the institution.

(v) Teacher should take the initiative to organise the musical room, art room, craft room, library and reading room, students museum, sports room and gymnasium, etc.

6. Mention four functions of a teacher as a Motivator.

Ans: A teacher can become a motivator of learning for his students. If he follows the following rules which are mentioned below:

(i) Teacher should be able to give a clear and vivid knowledge of the subject.

(ii) He should use a variety of teaching aids to make his teaching effective and interesting.

(iii) The teacher should always keep on adopting new methods of teaching to remove the dullness of classroom teaching.

(iv) The teacher should also make use of instances of examples while teaching in the class.

7. Mention six functions of a teacher as a Counsellor.

Ans: The teacher can adopt the following functions to act as a counsellor for his students:

(i) Teacher should be acquainted with the home conditions of the child.

(ii) He should maintain up-to-date cumulative records of his students.

(iii) He should share his knowledge and understanding of students with other teachers.

(iv) He should be able to help the students to solve their personal as well as academic problems.

(v) Teacher should also be able to recognize individual differences among the students.

(vi) He should be able to develop a feeling of friendliness so that each child feels free to ask his assistance in personal and academic problems.

8. Discuss the challenges before a teacher in the new context.

Ans: In the new context, The role of the present day teacher should become very challenging, complex and multifaceted for the following reasons:

(i) Explosion of knowledge should takes place in all spheres of life to make the task of the teacher more challenging.

(ii) The teacher has to adopt a democratic, secular and socialist attitude towards life.

(iii) The teacher have to be treated on an equal footing and given due care with students from all the sections of the society.

(iv) The teacher has to acquainted himself with the new concepts like individualised instruction, microteaching, programmed learning, de-schooling etc.

(v) Teacher should not teach his subjects in isolation so that he has to adopt an inter-disciplinary approach.

(vi) The teacher must have adequate knowledge of concepts like- Work experience, SUPW, Community Service, to become an integral part of the modern educational process for challenging in the new context.

Class-11 | Education | Notes |

Chapter-1 Concept and Aims of Education.

Chapter-2 Stages of Human Development.

Chapter-3 School and Its Organisation.

Chapter-4 (A) Psychology and Education.

Chapter-4 (B) Educational psychology and Its Significance.

Chapter-5 Physical Basis of Mental Life.

Chapter-6 Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour.

Chapter-7 Primary Education in India and Assam.

Class-11 | Education | Question Papers |

2023-2024

2020-2022

2018-2019

2016-2017

Calendar of Content List:

August 2026
M	T	W	T	F	S	S
	1	2
3	4	5	6	7	8	9
10	11	12	13	14	15	16
17	18	19	20	21	22	23
24	25	26	27	28	29	30
31

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Assam Primary Education Act of 1926 | Notes | Essay |

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Assam Primary Education Act of 1926

Notes | Essay |

In this title, You will know about the content of:

Assam Primary Education Act of1926.
Total Literacy Campaign (TLC).
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA).
District Primary Education Programme.
Constitutional Provision on Universalization of Primary Education.

1. In which year the first Assam Primary Education was passed ?

Ans: In the year of 1926.

2. The first Compulsory Primary Education Act of Assam was passed in the year of ___________ . (Fill in the blank).

Ans: 1926.

3. What are the provisions of Assam Primary Education Act of 1926 ?

Ans: Assam Primary Education Act introducing compulsion was passed in 1926. It was the latest in passing an act of compulsion with the help of a group of Assam representatives in the council with leaders like- Nabin Chandra Bordoloi.

The major provisions of Assam Primary Education Act of 1926 are mentioned below:

(i) The Act extends to the whole of Assam.

(ii) The local Authority may enforce compulsion to the whole or any part of its area by a majority of two-third of the members present.

(iii) Compulsion should be for all children between the age group of 6-11 years.

(iv) No tuition fees shall be charged by the Local Authority from any pupil of recognised school maintained or aided.

(v) The Local Authority shall submit the resolution for consideration its objectives and modifications if any to the Government.

(vi) The Local Authority shall inform the government for its existing expenditure in making primary education compulsory and the manner in which the cost was to be met.

(vii) The Local Authority shall levy an educational cess in order to meet with one-third of the additional cost.

(viii) The government shall provided two-third of the additional cost of education to the Local Authorities.

(ix) If a Local Authority fails to submit the scheme within a reasonable time, the government may call upon or make rules by notifications.

(x) Education Committee recommended that necessary books and materials should be provided by the Local Authority to the poor children free of cost.

(xi) The Local Authority and the Education Committee concerned shall be responsible for enforcement of the provisions of the Act.

(xii) One of the another major provision was that the Local Authority and the Education Committee shall also remain responsible for school accommodation, equipment and appointment of educational staff on approval of the D.P.I.

4. Write short note on 'Total Literacy Campaign' (TLC).

Ans: Total Literacy Programme is one of the significant component of Universalization of Primary Education. This campaign was basically a literacy drive for people’s movement from its grassroot level. The main approach ‘Each one teach one’ was made on the voluntary basis to remove illiteracy from the society with a short time period in this campaign. Total Literacy Campaign was initiated in 1989 in order to involve community people to spread literacy on the voluntary basis. It was expected to ensure education for all by the ends of the 20th century. Such programmes like- ‘Janajagaran Prasesta’, ‘Kerala Shastra Sahitya Parishad’, and ‘Bharat Jana Vigyan Jatra’.

Main Features of Total Literacy Campaign:

The main features of this campaign were:

(i) Time Bounded:

The whole programme was time bounded, which usually took three month campaign, followed by 5 to 6 months training.

(ii) Each one teach one approach:

Teaching was done on ‘Each one teach one’ basis. Time and venue were decided by the voluntary and the learners.

(iii) Involvement of Students:

Involvement of the university students, college and school students ware as volunteers for the drive.

(iv) Appointment of Volunteers:

This campaign was appointed on an average one volunteer for ten illiterate was entrusted.

5. Mention four objectives of 'Total Literacy Campaign'.

The main objectives of Total Literacy Campaign are:

(i) To identify the illiterate and proceed to teach:

The main objectives was to identify the illiterate and procced to teach him or her for a total of 40 hours to give the minimum literacy skill by each volunteer.

(ii) To provide special training for modification:

Training camps were organised to give special training to volunteers for modification was another objective of Total Literacy Campaign.

(iii) Development of skill and training:

It was also aimed at training and development of their skills for the involvement of the university students, college and school students as volunteers for the drive.

(iv) Organization of different committees:

The another objective was to organize committees at all levels- district, block and village to make an effective centre for the training campaign.

6. What is Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan?

Ans: Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is a programme for universal elementary education with a clear timeframe to develop quality education all over the country to ensure for promoting social justice.

7. What are the two aspects of ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) ?

Ans: The two aspects of ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’ ARE :

(a) To provide a wide convergent framework for implementation of Elementary Education schemes.

(b) To provide budget provision of strengthening vital areas to achieve Universalization of Primary Education.

8. Enumerated the aims and Objectives of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA).

On the expiry of the time limit of DPEP a follow-up programme was undertaken in a big way in 2002, known as Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) . It stands for development of quality, quantity, equality and establishment of social justice. A major principles of this mission was to make all the agencies , associations and organizations on the national, state and at the local self-government as equal partners for the spread of primary education. Its time limit was also expired by 2010.

Aims of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan:

(i) The aims of this program was to provide useful and relevant education to all children of the age of 6 to 14 years within 2010.

(ii) Another aims was to removing the social, regional and sex-differences through active participation of the community people in school management.

Objectives of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan:

(i) All children in school will be covered by the year of 2013.

(ii) All children will complete five years of primary education by 2007.

(iii) All children will complete eight years of elementary education in school by 2010.

(iv) Attention will be focussed on satisfactory quality of education for life.

(v) Social and sex discrimination in primary and elementary education will be removed by the year of 2010.

(vi) Universal retention of children in school will be made possible by 2010.

9. What are the role of SSA in the Universalization of Elementary or Primary Education ?

Ans: The role of SSA in the Universalization of Primary Education are mentioned below:

(i) To involve the community people at all levels in making the mission a people’s movement.

(ii) To develop the spirit of partnership of the Central, State and Local administration in regard to primary education.

(iii) To gives priority to education of the poorer, unprivileged and downtrodden sections of people in order to bring them to the mainstream of educational development.

(iv) To gives special emphasis to education of women, SC, ST, physically and mentally handicapped and the people living below the poverty line.

(v) To provide equal importance to development of quality as well as quantity of our primary education.

(vi) To encourage modern child centric methods of teaching such as joyful learning, learning through observation and innovation.

10. Short Note on ‘District Primary Education Programme’.

Ans: District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) was under by the Human Resource Development Ministry of the Central Government which was formulated in the year of 1994 through financial assistance of World Bank. The aims of this programme was to improve primary education in the backward regions of certain states on a selective basis within the time frame. This programme has mainly covered the illiterate women and backward classes of SC, ST, people of the state of Assam, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerela, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa. In later it had covered 273 district spreads over 18 states.

Objectives of District Primary Education Programme :

(i) To provide access to all children of primary education from class-I to Class V.

(ii) To increase enrolment of the students in schools and reduce dropout rates up to 10% .

(iii) To increase learning achievement of primary education up to 25% .

(iv) To reduce gender gaps and differences in social group to less than 5% .

11. Short note on ‘Constitutional Provision on Universalization of Primary Education’.

Ans: India is a Sovereign Democratic Republic Country and it has its own Constitution. After the independence of India, the Constitution of India have taken necessary steps for Universalization of Primary Education which are summarily presented below:

(i) Article- 15 under the Fundamental Rights had provided that ‘the state shall not discriminate against any citizen on ground only on religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth’.

(ii) Article- 21A states that ‘the State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age group 6-14 years’.

(iii) Article- 45 under the Directive Principles of State Policies have provided that ‘the State shall endeavour to provide Early Childhood Care and Education for all children until they complete the age of 6 years’.

(iv) Article-350 reads ‘It shall endeavour of the state to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the Mother –Tongue at primary stage of education to children belonging to linguistics minority group’.

Class-11 | Education | Notes

Chapter-1 Concept and Aims of Education.

Chapter-2 Stages of Human Development.

Chapter-3 School and Its Organisation.

Chapter-4 (A) Psychology and Education.

Chapter-4 (B) Educational psychology and Its Significance.

Chapter-5 Physical Basis of Mental Life.

Chapter-6 Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour.

Chapter-7 Primary Education in India and Assam.

Class-12 | Education | Notes

Chapter-1 Development of Secondary Education in India and Assam.

Chapter-2 Non- Formal Education.

Chapter-3 Current Trends in Education.

Chapter-4 Learning.

Chapter-5 (A) Memory and Forgetting.

Chapter-5 (B) Attention and Interest.

Chapter-6 Mental Health and Hygiene.

Chapter-7 Statistics and Its Application in Education.

Chapter-7 | Primary Education in India and Assam | Notes

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Chapter-7

Primary Education in India and Assam

Notes

Important Questions Answer

The chapter of Primary Education in India and Assam is to acquaint the nature of the development of primary education in the country during the pre-independent period comprising the government and non-government enterprises which are:

Indigenous Education System such as: Gurukul system, Pathsala, Tols, Satras, Maqtabs, Madrassas, Monitorial system.
Contribution of Missionary in madras, Calcutta, and Bombay.
Contribution of Missionaries in Assam.
The charter Act of 1813.
Anglicist Classicist Controversy and Macaulay’s Minute.

1. What are different types of Indigenous educational institution?

Ans: The indigenous educational institution are mentioned below:

i. Gurukul system.

ii. Pathsala’s.

iii. Tol’s.

iv. Satra’s.

v. Maktab’s.

vi. Madrassa’s.

vii. Monitorial system.

Gurukul system:

Gurukul system of education is one of the Vedic system of indigenous educational institution where the students used to attain formal education in his guru’s (teacher) house is known as Gurukul system. In Gurukul system, the Guru or the teacher used to organize, control and manage all the affairs of this education like- food and living place of the students. Here, Both poor and rich family were sent to the Guru’s house to attain formal education and students was also like the son of the Guru in this institution. The study of the subjects under the Guru includes- Vedas, philosophy, mathematics, economics, astronomy, astrology and grammar, etc. The method of instruction was verbal recitation and disciplinary was based on the principle of self realization through self discipline.

Pathsala:

Popular institution of indigenous education for the Hindus are the Pathsala which was used to give religious education through classical language by the Pandits. The medium of instruction was Sanskrit and method of teaching was verbal. The chief objectives of the Pathsala was to create the pandits in the society who might undertake intellectual activity. The subjects of this institution was includes –language study, grammar, arithmetic, social studies, moral lesion, accountancy, etc. for satisfaction of the socio-economic needs of people.

Tol’s:

Tol’s are also known as Sanskrit schools which was established during the Zamindari system in the society to spread Sanskrit education. It is the special institution of higher education of the Hindus that can be compared to that of the colleges at present. The duration of the course usually was six to eight years and it was the centre of free education. Tol’s are still fairly numerous in Assam, Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Famous Sanskrit Tol’s were established at Banaras, Kashi, Ujjain and Mithila in ancient India. The medium of instruction was Sanskrit and subjects includes Vedas along with religion, art, mathematics and science were taught.

Satra’s:

Satra is one of special indigenous social institution in Assam which is known as ‘Satra institution’. ‘Satra’s are the greatest contribution of Sankar deva and his active spiritual life to fulfil the needs of the general masses. Vaona- Sabha , dramatic performance, classical dances are the main features of the cultural activities of the Satra’s. Regularly the ‘Satra’ celebrates Sri Krishna Duel Utsav, Rash Jutra, etc. and people are united through these functions.

Satra institution contributed immensely to the spread of education of Art and culture. They are Kamala Bari Satra, Garmur satra, Patbausi satra, Auniati satra, Bengena Ati satra, Paneri satra, etc. Satra’s are the treasury of Assmamese as well as Mahapurusia (Vaishnava) Art and Culture. Satra’s are still working as centres of cultural training in devotional songs and dance popularly known as “Straiya Nritya Geet”.

Maktab:

Maktab is the chief institution for primary education of Islamic faith. The term ‘Maktab’ has been derived from Arabic word ‘Qutab’ which means a place where reading and writing was attached to the mosque as a part of religious activity. The aim of education was to teach the pupil knowledge of the Alphabet and religious prayer and to give elementary knowledge of reading and sometimes to write a Arabic and Persian. The system of admission to the Maktab was special in nature and the centre point of education was Maulabi of the mosque to take charge of education as his religious responsibility to give special attention for the correctness of pronunciation by the ‘Maulabi’.

Methods of education was verbal that gives more importance to rote memory and system of education was manged by the royal authority. Some of rich people appoint private teacher to educate their children in their house.

Madrassa:

Madrassa is the higher educational institution of the indigenous system of education. On completion of elementary education students were given to entre here. This type of institution are generally attached to Mosque or Masjid. The word ‘Madrassa’ has been derived from Arabic word ‘Darash’ which means ‘deliver lecture’. The curriculum was more comprehensive that covered academic, practical and science subjects. The subjects of study were mainly related to Islamic religion like- Arabic, grammar, literature, logic, philosophy, law, astrology, history, geography, medicine, agriculture, etc. to create an intellectual class of people in the Muslim community. There was no formal ceremony of admission in Madrassa and the course of study was for ten years duration which was managed by the private managing body.

2. Short Note on 'Monitorial System or Bell System.

Ans: In the indigenous system of Vedic and Muslim education, there was the process of teaching the junior students in the absence of the teacher. It was later known as Monitorial system. Here, the teacher or the Guru used to engage his favourite students to teach in order to minimize his work load of teaching.

During the British rule in India a Christian Missionary Dr. Andrew Bell, the superintendent of Orphan boys charity school was introduced this system to spread of education and religion in the state of Madras in the later half of the 18th century. After his name it was called ‘Bell system or Bell pratha’. Presently, this system of teaching continues in our society particularly in single teacher school.

3.Write briefly about 'Serampore-Trio'.

Ans: ‘Serampore-Trio was a unit of Christian missionaries. The Baptist Mission Society spread Christianity as well as education in the different places of Bengal. The main Baptist missionaries were William Ward who was the press compositor, William Carey was the religious preacher and Joshua Marshman was the school teacher. They were called ‘Serampore-Trio.

They were came to Bengal from the ‘Trencober of Madras and selected a village named ‘Serampore’ at a distance of about 13 miles towards the north of Calcutta as their centre to develop the missionary activities and established several schools for boys and girls at Serampore.

4. Short Note on The Charter Act of 1813.

Ans: Unser the situation created by Charles Grants ‘observations’ the Charter of the East India Company came up for renewal in the British Parliament in 1813.

This Act was passed under section 43 had stated ‘ a sum of not less than one lakh of rupees should be annually set apart by the company and applied for the revival and improvement of literature and science among the learned of India’.

This was the first official document which sanctioned a big sum of rupees for the cause of education in the country. Its major implication was to create an agency that may spend one lakhs of rupees for education of the people in British India.

Importance of the Charter Act of 1813:

The Act of 1813 appears to be historically a landmark on several points of consideration. These are:

(i) The British administration in India had for the first time realised its educational responsibility with the Act of 1813.

(ii) It had sanctioned a big sum of rupees for the first to serve the cause of Indian education.

(iii) Accordingly one lakh of rupees were proposed to be set a part for sending annually.

(iv) The British administration had realised that they had the official responsibility to remove poverty and illiteracy of the Indian people.

(v) The company was also legally held responsible for educational development in the country.

(vi) The way to western literature and culture in India was opened up by the Act of 1813.

(vii) The later educational and political developments in British India owe their origin to this charter act of 1813.

5. Short Note on Anglicist-Classicist Controversy.

Ans: At that time, there was no Education Department under the government to decide the issues. There was the General Committee of Public Instruction formed only in 1823 consisted of 10 members who were equally divided in their opinion.

In the General Committee, there were the Orientalist group and Anglicist group. The Orientalist group supporting the cause of native Indian Classical languages (headed by H.T. Princeps, Lord Minto, Warrant Hastings and H.H Wilson) and Anglicist group of members supporting the cause of English language and literature. These two controversial group of the General Committee are known as the Anglicist-Classicist controversy.

This Act had naturally made the people in India more conscious of their education and culture. Major factors involved in Anglicist and Anglicist controversy and its resultant out are mentioned below:

(i) Four different agencies were undertaking responsibility of Indian education at the time of controversy. They were:

(a) Christian missionaries.

(b) Pundits and Maulabies of Classical groups.

(d) Young British administration supporting English education and culture.

(ii) Provision of the Charter Act of 1813, themselves were quite vague that had given rise to controversy.

(iii) The major points of controversy were:

(a) On aims of education.

(b) On medium of Instruction.

(d) On method to be adopted in giving education.

(iv) Members of the General Committee of Public Instruction were equally divided.

(v) Lord Macaulay, the chairman of the committee was in support of English language and culture.

(vi) Macaulay submitted his report in favour of the Anglicist on 2nd February, 1835.

Class-11 | Education | Notes |

Chapter-1 Concept and Aims of Education.

Chapter-2 Stages of Human Development.

Chapter-3 School and Its Organisation.

Chapter-4 (A) Psychology and Education.

Chapter-4 (B) Educational psychology and Its Significance.

Chapter-5 Physical Basis of Mental Life.

Chapter-6 Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour.

Chapter-7 Primary Education in India and Assam.

Class-11 | Education | Question Paper |

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Chapter-6 | Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour | Notes

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Chapter-6

Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour

Notes

1. Who was the founder of the ‘School of Behaviourism’ in 1913?

Ans: John Broadus Watson, shortly called J.B. Watson.

2. When J.B. Watson published his first book “Behaviour: An Introduction to Comparative Psychology”?

Ans: In the year of 1914.

3. In which year second the book “Psychology from the Standpoint of Behaviourist” appeared by J.B. Watson?

Ans: J.B. Watson’s second book “Psychology from the Standpoint of Behaviourist” appeared in 1919.

4. Who wrote third book “Behaviourism” in 1925?

Ans: J.B. Watson wrote his third book ‘Behaviourism’.

5. What do you mean by Behaviour?

Ans: Behaviour is nothing, but it is the outer behavioural result of physical response or organic reaction to environmental stimulation of the living organism.

6. _________ is the result of the bond or connection between a stimulus(S) and response(R). (Fill in the blank).

Ans: Behaviour. (S-R=B).

7. On which aspects Human Behaviour Base?

Ans: Human behaviour base depends upon the following aspects or factors:

The stimulating capacity of the environmental situation.
Receptive capacity of the receptor organs.
Reacting capacity of the brain or the central nervous system.
Transmitting ability of the sensory and motor nerve of the body.

7. What are two types of Behaviour?

Ans: The two types of behaviour are:

(a) Overt behaviour:

It is based on external manifestation of response, and it is observable. For example- Physical reaction of any kind of disturbance.

(b) Covert behaviour:

It is based on internal reaction or responses to a stimulus which are not observable. For example- thinking process, emotion and motivation of the human behaviour.

8. Who was published his great book “The Origin of Species”?

Ans: Charles Darwin.

9. In which year Charles Darwin published his great book “The Origin of Species”?

Ans: In the year of 1859.

10. What is Needs? Give one example.

Ans: ‘Need’s refers to a physical condition of lack or deficiency of biological substances which takes place in the organism in course of the responses or reaction to environmental situation. For example: thirst s the need.

11. Mention two characteristics of Needs.

Ans: The two characteristics of needs are:

Needs of the lower animals are limited, but they appear more complicated in the higher animal life man.
Needs are felt as a result of physiological changes which takes place owing to give response to the environment.

12. Briefly explain the Maslow’s theory of hierarchical needs.

Ans: It was Maslow’s who formulated the concept of need hierarchy where five different needs are arrange in order to repetency. These are:

(i) Physiological needs:

It is explained as the basic or fundamental needs of the human being. Example: needs for food, water, oxygen, temperature, sex, etc. This needs also termed as the biological needs of the living organism which are essential for self-existence.

(ii) Safety needs:

Safety means the condition of being safe or freedom from danger, harm or risk. Example: need for physical security, protection, stability, freedom from anxiety, danger, etc.

(iii) Love and belongingness needs:

These needs arise in the process of socialization which are satisfied with the help of social interaction. Example: need for friendship, for belonging to a group, showing love and affection to families, need for companion, etc.

(iv) Esteem needs:

Esteem needs arise two sets of needs which are included need for strength, competence, self-confidence, independence, etc. fall under the first set. Likewise, need for prestige fame, dominance, dignity and appreciation fall under second set.

(v) Need for self-actualization:

Self-actualization means the desire for self-fulfilment. For example: need for perfection, beaty, goodness, truth, etc.

13. What is Drives? Give with example.

Ans: In brief, Drives are the psycho-physical forces which operate as the constant motivational forces towards the fulfilment of needs. Example: hunger drive, sex drive, drives for wealth, drive for achieving distinction, etc.

14. Write two characteristics of Drives.

Ans: The two characteristics of drives are:

(i) Drives are the active side of the needs.

(ii) Drives stand for energy that gives effect to motor movement in the organism.

15. From where the term ‘Instinct’ has been originated?

Ans: The term ‘instinct’ has been originated from the ‘Latin’ word ‘instincts’ which means ‘impulse’.

16. What is Instinct?

Ans: Instinct is an inborn (innate) tendency of living beings to respond to certain situations in a particular way. It is not learned but biologically inherited. Training and experience may modify or improve instinct, but they cannot create them.

In short, instinct is a natural, automatic response that guides the behaviour of living beings in different situations.

17. Write two characteristics of Instinct.

Ans: The two characteristics of Instinct are:

Instincts are the innate and inherited tendencies of the living organism.
Instincts are universally similar in all living creatures of men and animals.
All the instincts do not appear to be equally powerful throughout life.
Instinct are unlearned patterns of reacting.

18. What are the three functions or aspects of instincts mentioned by Mc Dougal?

Ans: The three functions or aspects of instincts mentioned by Mc Dougal which are mentioned below:

Cognitive or perceptual aspects: Example, A situation of hungry which constitute the cognitive aspects.
Conative or motivational aspects: Example, When we move towards taking that food.
Affective or emotional aspects: Example, Feeling of fear.

19. What are Quasi-Instincts?

Ans: Those innate tendencies which do not have any specific emotion or any specific bodily behaviour are called Quasi-instincts. Such as sympathy, suggestion, imitation, play and habit or routine are general tendencies.

20. Mention four points of difference between instinct and reflex-action.

Ans: The four points of difference between instinct and reflex-action are:

Reflex-action

(i) It is an automatic and quick sensory reaction.

(ii) It affects only a specific part of the body.

(iii) It is controlled by the Spinal cord.

(iv) It cannot be trained or changed.

Instinct

(i) It is an inborn emotional reaction of body and mind.

(ii) It affects the whole person’s body and mind.

(iii) It is controlled by the Brain.

(iv) It can be trained and modified.

Knowing Process | Sensation | Perception| Conception| Chapter-5

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Knowing Process

Sensation | Perception | Conception

Chapter-5

Important Questions Answer

Knowing process involves a series of mental functions like sensation, perception, conception and thought. Theses knowing processes of human mind involve a series of well organised psycho-physical functions that give a clear picture of our cognitive domain.

Sensation

1. What is Sensation?

Ans: Sensation is the simple and elementary form of consciousness or a physical awareness of the situation, which does not bear its clear meaning. It may said as the preliminary state of mind.

2. Give one definition of Sensation.

Ans: According to Warren Brown and Howard Gilhousen, “A sensation is an awareness of the bare quality of experience and rises directly from the stimulation of sense organ”.

3. What are the two conditions necessary for getting sensation?

Ans: The two conditions necessary for getting sensation are:

(a) Receptive ability of the sense organs to deprive impression out of the stimuli.

(b) Adequate stimulation of the external object.

4. What are the two sources of Sensation?

Ans: The two sources of sensation are:

(a) Internal. (Internal parts like stomas, intestines and muscles).

(b) External. ( like visual, auditory, tactual, olfactory and gustatory).

5. Can there be sensation without sense organs? Briefly explain.

Ans: Yes, there can be sensation without sense organs because there are two experiences of sensation. One is external and another is internal. External sensation react to external stimulation experiencing like visual, auditory, tactual, olfactory and gustatory senses. Internal sensation refers to internal parts of the body like stomach, intestines, and the muscles which do not have special experiences such as hunger, thirst, fatigue, head ache, etc.

So, it is evident that sense organs are not the only ways and means of getting sensation.

6. Write four characteristics of Sensation.

Ans: The four characteristics of sensation are mentioned below:

(i) Sensation is the simple physical experiences or bodily impression received from the environment.

(ii) Sensory experiences are fixed so far as the specific sense organs are concerned. One organ can not work for the other.

(iii) Sensation depends upon receptive capacity of the receptor cells and transmitting ability of the sensory and motor nerves of the organism.

(iv) Adequacy of sensation depends upon quality, intensely, duration, and clearness of the object in environment.

(v) Sensation is objective mental state, as it depends on stimulus.

(vi) Sensation is the simplest and the most elementary mental process.

7. What are types of Sensation? Explain briefly.

Ans: Accordingly sensation may be classified into three types namely,

(a) Organic Sensation:

It refers to the biological needs which bring about psychological changes in the internal part of the body of the organism. The sense of hunger, thirst, indigestion, vomiting, stomach pain, headache, suffocation, etc. are the organic sensation experienced. They do not have specific sense organ to be located. They effect the body in general.

(b) Special Sensation:

It refers to the specific five sense organs of the body. Their experiences of sensation are colour(vision), smell(olfactory), sound(auditory), taste(gustatory), and heat and pressure(tactual). Every kind of sensation is received by the specific sense organ out of the specific stimulus. Therefore, this kind sensation is also known as the gateways of knowledge.

(iii) Motor or Kinaesthetic Sensation:

This kind of sensation is experiences in the voluntary muscles, tendons and joints due to motor movement. Such experiences are contraction, pulling or pushing due to repeated physical activity which is known as motor sensation. This type of sensation is also quite vague that can not be clearly explained and distinctly localised on the body.

8. Write two educational significance of child’s sensation.

Ans: The educational significance of child’s sensation are mentioned below:

(a) In pre-school stage provision should be made for regular physical checkup of children in regard to their visual and auditory senses.

(b) Teacher should identify such children and offer necessary clinical help to them.

Perception

9. What is Perception?

Ans: Perception is the mental activity of giving meaning to our simple physical experiences of senses. In briefly, meaningful sensation is called perception. It indicates the active state of mind.

10. What are the basic nature and characteristics of Perception?

Ans: The basic nature and characteristics of Perception are mentioned below:

(i) Perception is the mental activity of giving meaning to our simple physical experiences of senses.

(ii) Perception depends upon past learning experiences and in keeping of their memory image or impression in mind.

(iii) Perception is liable to be incorrect and inadequate.

(iv) Perception may not always be objective, but be subjective depending on individual mental make up.

(v) Perception is influenced by individual aims and objectives, hopes and aspirations in mind.

(vi) Perception depends upon mental maturity attained by the individual.

(vii) Perception is influenced by both subjectivity of individual mind and objectivity of the environmental situation.

(viii) It is a complex type of mental activity that comprises of assimilation, discrimination, association, objectification, and unification process.

11. Write two educational significance of child’s perception in the classroom.

Ans: The two educational significance of child’s perception in the classroom are:

(a) The teacher should co-relate knowledge of the present with the accumulated experiences of the past in his students in course of teaching.

(b) There in lies the validity and usability of giving instances and examples of the past in course of class-room teaching.

12. Mention four differences between Sensation and Perception.

Ans: The four differences between Sensation and Perception are mentioned below:

(i) Sensation is simplest mental state, whereas Perception is complex mental process.

(ii) Sensation is abstract, but Perception is concreate experiences.

(iii) Sensation is inactive or passive, but Perception is active state of mind.

(iv) Sensation gives raw materials, where as Perception is the product of knowledge.

(v) Sensation has no influence of past knowledge and experience, where as Perception grows out to them.

(vi) Sensation is objective, but Perception is objective as well as subjective both.

13. Write two basic relationship between Sensation and Perception.

Ans: The two basic relationship between Sensation and Perception are:

(a) Both sensation and perception are dependents on sensory stimulus.

(b) Both sensation and perception are external. It depends on external stimulus from the outer world.

Class-11 | Education | Notes

Chapter-1 Concept and Aims of Education.

Chapter-2 Stages of Human Development.

Chapter-3 School and Its Organisation.

Chapter-4 (A) Psychology and Education.

Chapter-4 (B) Educational psychology and Its Significance.

Chapter-5 Physical Basis of Mental Life.

Chapter-6 Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour.

Chapter-7 Primary Education in India and Assam.

Class-11 | Education | Question Papers |

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2020-2022

2018-2019

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Chapter-5 | Physical basis of Mental Life | Class-11 | Notes

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Chapter-5

Physical Basis of Mental Life

Class-11| Notes

Important Questions Answer

1. What is Physical basis of Mental life?

Ans: Physical basis of mental life refers to understand the relation between body and mind, concept of nervous system and about knowing process of sensation, perception and conception in this chapter. A good physical health indicates a good mind. Again mental happiness improves our physical health. It makes our digestive, respiratory, and circulatory system of functions. In this regard, Aristotle opinion that ‘education is nothing but creation of a sound mind in the sound mind’.

2. What are the three parts of the human body?

Ans: The three parts of the human body are:

(a) Nervous system.

(b) Effectors.

3. What is Nervous System?

Ans: The most important part of the body from the stand point of mind is the nervous system that controls the working of the whole body.

4. How nervous structure is formed?

Ans: Nervous structure is formed by innumerable small number of units called the neurons. They are spread over all part of the body and perform a network service keeping physical connection with the central nervous system.

5. What is Neurons?

Ans: Neurons are the nerve cells having different size, shape and their complexity. In brief, the structural unit of the nervous system is the neuron.

6. What are the different parts or structure of Neurons. Explain briefly.

Ans: The neuron is constituted of its different parts. These are:

(a) Cell body.

(b) Nucleus.

(d) End brush

(e) Dendrite.

(f) Synapse.

The neurons are the nerve cells having different size, shape and their complexity. Each one of them is constituted of its cell body and the liquid part at its centre called nucleus. Out of the body of the neuron long fibre like part comes out to be known as axon. At the end part of axon there are a number of roots coming out, called the end brush. Again out of the cell body there are small roots coming out called the dendrites. The dendrites of one cell or neuron come in touch with the other neuron in sending the impulse is called the synapse. It is through this mechanism that the sense experience received by the body organs use to pass on the central nervous system.

7. What is Cells ?

Ans: The life of all living organisms whether it be a plant, animal or human being is made up smallest units in a human body, called Cells.

8.Why the cells are called the smallest unit of life ?

Ans: The life of all living beings is based on the working of the cells. That is why the cells are called the smallest unit of life.

9. What is Cytoplasm ?

Ans: All cells contain a fluid called cytoplasm.

10. What are the three types of Neurons ?

Ans: The three types of neurons are mentioned below:

(a) Sensory neuron:

It provides information through sense organs.

(b) Motor-neurons:

It provides involuntary actions like- breathing, eye blinking etc.

(c) Inter-neuron:

It provides messages from one neuron to another in the form of memories and thoughts.

11. What are the three types or parts of Nervous System ?

Ans: The three types or parts of nervous system are mentioned below:

(a) Autonomic nervous system.

(b) Peripheral nervous system.

12. What are the two types of Autonomic Nervous System ?

Ans: The two types of autonomic nervous system are:

(a) Sympathetic.

(b) Para sympathetic.

13. What are the two types of Peripheral Nervous System ?

Ans: The two types of peripheral nervous system are:

(a) Somatic system or Cranial nerves:

It makes connection of the sense organs and the muscles of the body with the brain. There are of 12 pairs of cranial nerves working for it.

(b) Automatic system or Spinal nerve:

It is located on both sides of the spinal cord with a total of 31 pairs.

14. What are the two types of Central Nervous System ?

Ans: The two types of Central Nervous System are:

(a) Spinal Cord:

It lies within the backbone.

(b) Brain:

It is the centre of all forms of higher mental activities like- thought, intelligence, and emotional reactions.

15. What is Spinal Cord ?

Ans: Spinal Cord is the highway of the sensory and motor impulses that run to and from the brain and different parts of the body. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that run into the spinal cord.

16. Write two major components of Spinal Cord.

Ans: The two major components of spinal cord are:

(a) Grey matter:

It is located inside of the spinal cord.

(b) White matter:

It is located outside of the spinal cord.

17. Mention four functions of Spinal Cod.

Ans: The four functions of spinal cord are mention below:

(i) Spinal cord connects the brain with different parts of the body.

(ii) It works as a passage covering the sensory and motor impulses.

(iii) It directly controls and regulates the reflex actions like blinking of eye lids, sneezing, coughing and salivation.

(iv) It controls habitual and automatic activities like walking, running and knitting which do not require voluntary attention.

18. What is Brain ?

Ans: Brain is the most important part of the body of the central nervous system which forms higher mental activities like- thoughts, intelligence, and emotional reactions.

19. What are the different parts of the Brain ?

Ans: There are mainly three parts of the brain, namely:

(i) Cerebrum or fore brain.

(ii) Mid-brain.

(iii) Cerebellum or hind brain.

Other parts of the brain are:

(a) Thalamus.

(b) Medulla oblongata.

(d) Cerebral cortex.

(e) Spinal cord.

(f) Pituitary gland.

(g) Corpus callosum.

Cerebrum or Fore Brain.

It is the larger part of the brain and is the seat of all forms of higher mental activity. It is divided into two halves called right and left hemisphere. Both right and left hemisphere of this brain are connected by a thick band of fibres which is called the corpus callosum brain. Again the brain of corpus callosum covered by a layer of grey matters with convolutions or twisting folds called cerebral cortex brain. The brain of cerebral cortex brain again subdivided into four loves or areas namely:

(a) Frontal lobe.

(b) Parietal lobe.

(d) Temporal lobe.

Again there are two fissures or narrow opening on the cerebral cortex brain namely:

(a) Fissure of Orlando.

(b) Fissure of Sylvius.

Functions of Cerebrum or Fore Brain:

Functions of the cerebrum or fore brain are highly complicated which may be stored out below:

(i) It controls and regulates all parts of the body and their psycho-physical activities.

(ii) It receives information from all the receptor organs and sends messages to them.

(iii) It controls all the voluntary muscular activities and behaviour of individual.

(iv) It acts as the centre of all forms of intellectual activities like- memory, thinking, reasoning and problem solving.

(v) Feeling and emotions experienced in different situations are also originated from this part of the brain.

(vi) Different sensory areas and the lobes function as unitary whole.

Mid-Brain:

This part of the brain is located between the cerebrum and the cerebellum. It is concerned with as a relay centre of nervous impulses and also regulates nature of physical motion of the individual.

Cerebellum or Hind Brain

The cerebellum part or hind of the brain is located behind and beneath of the brain cerebrum or fore brain. Its weight is about 140 grams. This brain is mainly responsible for maintaining equilibrium of the body and steadiness of movement. It controls and co-ordinates muscular movement and also controls finer senses of art, painting, drawing, games and sports, manual dexterity and motor skill etc.

Thalamus

This part of the brain is located at the centre of the brain just below the cerebrum. There are four different parts of it named. These are:

(i) Dorsal thalamus.

(ii) Epi-thalamus.

(iii) Hypo-thalamus.

(iv) Sub-thalamus.

The dorsal thalamus part of the brain passes sensory impulses to the cerebrum which is also known as sensory centre. The other rest of the three parts acts as a motor centre and the hypothalamus part is also controls emotional experience of individual.

Medulla Oblongata

This is the upper part of the spinal cord. It contains the nerve cells and fibre tracts connecting the cerebrum. It is the centre of blood circulation and respiratory function. A person may even die if this part is injured. It controls breathing as well as heart rate. It also acts as a sleep centre.

Pons Variole

This part of the brain is a thick bundle fibres which connects the two halves to the cerebellum with the cerebrum and the medulla oblongata. It forms a bridge in between the vital parts of the brain. Here, right hemisphere of the cerebrum controls the left side and the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body.

20. Mention two basic functions of the Brain.

Ans: The two basic functions of the brain are:

(a) Cognitive functions like- learning, memory, thinking etc.

(b) The regulation of physiology of the body.

21. What are called Receptors Mechanism?

Ans: Our five sense organs that is eye, ear, nose, skin and tongue are constituted of some receptors cells capable of receiving sense impression out of stimuli in environment, So they are called the receptors.

22. What are the two types of receptors mechanism? Give example.

Ans: The two types of receptors mechanism are:

(a) External receptor: For example – eye, ear, nose, tongue and skin.

(b) Internal receptor: For example – Pain, hunger, etc.

23. What are the different parts of structure of the sense of vision eye?

Ans: There are different parts of structure of the sense of vision eye. So, the major parts of structure are mentioned below:

(a) Cornea:

The thick layer which is exists in front of the eye ball that is called Cornea.

(b) Aqueous humour:

Behind the cornea rests the transparent and liquid substance is called Aqueous humour.

(c) The Iris:

Behind the back of the humour there is exists two black circular parts, one is upper regions and second one is lower regions called iris.

(d) Pupil:

In between upper and lower regions of the two parts of the circular, there may be seen the deep black hole that is called the Pupil.

(e) The Lens:

Behind the pupil there exists a transparent and solid part that is called the lens.

(f) Ciliary Muscles:

The lens is fixed with the muscular part in all sides which is called the ciliary muscles.

(g) Vitreous Humour:

In ciliary muscles, there is exists a big circular area with jelly-like substance inside the eye ball called vitreous humour. This humour is covered by three layers.

(h) The Retina:

In the inner layer of the vitreous, there are some sensitive cells covering two-third of the area called the retina. Retina of the inner layer is constituted of two types of receptive cells called cons and rods.

(i) Choroid:

The middle layer of the vitreous humour is constituted of black substance called choroid.

(j) Sclerotic Coat:

The outer layer of the vitreous humour is constituted of white substance called sclerotic coat.

(k) Blind Spot:

The part of the retina from where the optic nerve begins is called the blind spot. Here the cons and rods are totally absent.

(l) Yellow Spot:

There is another spot on the retina where the cons and rods are more concentrated to give maximum visual senses is called yellow-spot.

N.B: The most important parts of structure of the sense of vision Eye are namely, 1. Cornea. 2. The iris. 3. The lens and 4. The retina.

24. What are the three major or main parts of structure of the sense of Ear?

Ans: The three major or main parts of the sense of ear are namely:

(a) The Outer Ear:

This part is consisted of its hole in the middle that enters into the interior region which is called Auditory canal. At the end of the canal there is the thin and sensitive membrane called the ear drum. It receives and transmits the sound wave into interior region.

(b) The Middle Ear:

It is consisted of a cave in which there are three small bones namely, hammer or ossicles, anvil or incus and stirrup or steppes bone are arranged in a chain order in this part. The stirrup bone which is touches the oval window at its inner end. Out of the middle ear, there is a tube passes down to the neck which is connected to the nose called eustachian tube.

(c) The Inner Ear:

This part is started with the oval window that connects the three semi-circular canals and the cochlea that acts like a spring. They are transmitting the impulse of sound through auditory nerve to the auditory centre of the brain.

25. What is the third major name of sensory organ?

Ans: Skin.

26. What are major four types of tactual senses of skin?

Ans: The different types of tactual senses of skin are :

(a) Pain.

(b) Pressure and touch.

(d) Cold.

Along with these, there are some other types of tactual senses which are mentioned below:

(e) Itching.

(f) Burning.

(g) Softness.

(h) Hardness.

(i) Smoothness.

(j) Roughness.

(k) Dryness.

(l) Wetness etc. They indicate the magnitude of physical experiences of this kind being received.

Again, we should know that Physiological structure of the skin may be divided into three layer. These are:

(i) Epidermis Layer:

This type of skin is located on the surface of the body with a very thin membrane, where sensory experiences remain absent.

(ii) Dermis Layer:

It is located under the epidermis which gives different cutaneous senses.

(iii) Fat Layer:

It is located under the dermis as a thick layer of the muscles called fat layer. It gives rise to physical weight of individual.

Other parts of skin are:

(iv) Oil Gland.

(v) Hair Follicle.

(vi) Blood Vessels.

(v) Sweet Gland.

Point to be remember:

Each eye is about 25 mm in diameter and weighs about 7gm.
The sense vision of eye is called the queen of receptors.
Skin is the third major sensory organ and it gives cutaneous sensation.
It serves as the alternative sense organ to seeing.
As a specific sense organ, skin cover the whole body organism but it does not give equal sensory stimulation to all the parts.
Outer parts of the body, skin sensation is found to be more intense than the inner parts of the organism.

Class-11 | Education | Notes

Chapter-1 Concept and Aims of Education.

Chapter-2 Stages of Human Development

Chapter-3 School and Its Organization.

Chapter-4 (A) Psychology and Education.

Chapter-4 (B) Educational Psychology and Its Significance.

Chapter-5 Physical Basis of Mental Life.

Chapter-6 Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour

Chapter-7 Primary Education in India and Assam

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Different Methods of Educational Psychology | Education | Notes

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Important Questions Answer

Methods of Educational Psychology

1. What are the different method of Educational Psychology. Briefly explain any two of them.

Educational psychology has its own method of study which are employed to improve teaching learning process in the classroom. The method uses to gather facts about the nature of children to know how they learn, how they develop and how the various aspects of a child’s personality passes through the several stages of growth and development. Educational Psychologist have adopted various means and methods. A few of them are mentioned below:

(a) Introspection Method.

(b) Observation Method.

(d) Experimental Method.

(e) Case Study Method.

(f) Sociometric Method.

(g) Project or Projective Method.

(h) Statistical Method.

Introspection Method

2. Briefly explain the concept of Introspection method and its merits and demerits.

Introspection method is that type of method which is examine our own mental process of thoughts, feelings and motives. In this method, one places oneself in the place of the other person and tries to understand his feelings.

This is the oldest method of educational psychology. Here, The word ‘Introspection’ means self study or inner action of the mind. This method is composed of two words, “Intro” means ‘within’ and “aspection” means ‘looking’. Therefore, the combination word ‘introspection’ means ‘self observation’ or ‘looking within ones own mental stage’.

For example: Suppose you are happy, and in the state of happiness, you look within yourself. Then that means you are introspecting your own mental feelings and examining what is going on in your mental process in the state of happiness.

Merits of Introspection Method:

(a) This is the method which is cheapest and most economical. We do not need any apparatus or laboratory for its use.

(b) This method can be used any time and anywhere.

(d) This method helps us in understanding our mental experiences and their improvement.

(e) It is the only method where individual can know his emotions and feelings itself.

Demerits of Introspection Method:

(a) In this method, Study has to be made when the mind is working, which has to be done by the individual himself. Otherwise, it will be disappears due to their emotional state like- anger, sorrow, etc.

(b) This method can be applied only in the case of normal individuals but not for abnormal individuals.

(d) In this method, The observer has to be highly trained and skilled person.

(e) It is criticised as a subjective method. That is why, the data acquired through it are may not at all reliable.

Observation Method

3. Write in brief on observation method and its merits and demerits.

Observation means to notice something. It is an important method of educational psychology. This methods includes the observation of the behaviour of a person at different times. The various mental feelings and anger, fear, love, happiness, sadness, etc. can be observed under this method by the outward expression of a person.

This method tries to study human nature by observing expressed behaviour in various situations. There are different types of observation like- direct and indirect, natural and artificial, planned and unplanned, participant and non participant, etc.

Advantages of Observation method :

(i) With the help of this method, Behavioural problems in children can be located and preventive measures can be adopted.

(ii) This method can be used with children of all ages who are shy and problematic.

(iii) This method can be used in every situation where it does not require any special tool or equipment.

Disadvantages of Observation method:

(i) If the subject comes to know that he is being observed he may not behave naturally.

(ii) If the observer does not record the behaviour during the time of observation, he may forget a part of it when he tries to record it.

(iii) The observer may get only a small sample of students behaviour. It is very difficult to observe everything that a student does.

Clinical Method

4. Write a short note on clinical method, its merits and demerits.

The clinical method is an important method of educational psychology. This method used primarily to study behavioural problems of maladjusted individuals. This method is related to the field of medicine. The main purpose of this method is to study a particular individuals problem as a ‘case’ or ‘cases’ of a group to detect problems and suggested remedial measures.

Advantages or merits of the method of Clinical:

(i) This method takes into account the past and present history of the ‘case’ to study behavioural problems.

(ii) It also studies unconscious behaviour along with overt behaviour.

(iii) This method is regarded as a scientific one and it yields reliable results.

Disadvantages or demerits of the method of Clinical:

(i) It is difficult to observe complex behaviour and to provide useful remedies.

(ii) The interpretation of the case study may not always be correct because of the observers own intuition and theoretical.

Experimental Method

5. Write about experimental method, its merits and demerits.

This method is one of the popular method of studying educational psychology. This method implies the study of the behaviour in a controlled situation that is experimental laboratory. In this method , the cause of the problem is found out before finding the solution, experiment are then caried out. This method can also be applied to test the mental abilities and intelligence of the students through certain tests. But experiment has to be very careful while drawing conclusion.

Advantages or merits of Experiment Method:

(i) This method is based on real experiment and therefore, the findings are reliable.

(ii) It helps a teacher to understand a child better after analysing the data.

(iii) As the conditions are under control the different mental process of the child can be studied accuracy.

Disadvantages or demerits of Experimental Method:

(i) This method is not always possible to control all conditions properly.

(ii) The experiment can be carried out by trained persons only.

(iii) If proper rapport can not be established between the subjects and the experimenter, the result will not be correct.

(iv) As lot of apparatus are required to carry out the experiment so that the method becomes expensive.

Case Study Method

6. Write short note on case study method, its merits and demerits.

Case study method is one of the important method of educational psychology. This method is used in the case of a problem of child. In this method, the history of the family of the child, his early life, student life, home and school life are studied thoroughly. This method is applied on children having psychological problem like- learning difficulties, behavioural problems, emotional disturbance etc. But not only in case of problematic children, this method also used in case of gifted children also.

Advantages or merits of Case Study Method:

(i) Case study method is useful and popular method used for studying special characteristics in individuals.

(ii) It helps to understand the root causes of behavioural problems faced by the subject after analysing the obtained data.

(iii) It also helps teacher to adopt remedial measures and rehabilitation of problems of children.

Disadvantages of Case Study Method:

(i) Case study method is a lengthy and time consuming.

(ii) The Collection of data and their analysis is difficult in this method.

(iii) The finding are always not reliable because it depends upon the information provided by the person himself which may not be authentic.

Socio-Metric Method

7. Who introduced socio-metric method ? Write its merits and demerits.

Socio-metric method is one another method of educational psychology which was first developed in 1946 by Dr. J.L. Moreno and Hellen Jennings. This method studies the social behaviour of individual relationship that exists between individuals or among members of a particular group to provide an interesting study of their nature of social relationship for measuring the status of each individuals. The nature and the degree of such relationship can be objectively assessed by using questionnaire, check list, interview, rating scales, standard tests etc.

Advantages or merits of Socio-metric method:

(i) Socio-metric method helps to make study the social relationship of an individual or among members of the group.

(ii) This method gives us an understanding of the likings and disliking’s of all the members of the groups.

(iii) Through this method teacher may know the most accepted and rejected students to organize group activity of the students in various academic and non- academic field out of it.

Disadvantages or demerits of Socio-metric method:

(i) Socio-metric method can be used to test only one trait of personality that is sociability.

(ii) The process of collection of data is not very scientific as if done through collection of opinion of member of particular group.

(iii) The response of a child regarding some questions may be affected by peer pressure.

Project or Projective Method

8. Write a brief concept of Projective Method. Enumerated its merits and demerits.

Project or projective method is a psycho-analytical method of educational psychology. This method applied in knowing the unconscious and repressed elements of individual mind. This method provides opportunity to evoke responses from unconscious mind which reveal a persons desire, hopes and wishes that could not be fulfilled in the reality. Such responses are drawn by presenting a broad range of testing materials like- pictures, ink-blot cards, drawing and painting, free association test, sentence completion, arranging and interpreting picture situations, filling in the blanks and so on. The responses are expected to reveal one’s inmost thoughts, ideas, emotions and complexes that have been repressed.

Advantages or merits of Projective method:

(i) Projective method is very helpful for psychiatrist for dragonising and treating mental disorders.

(ii) Through this method a complete picture of the personality of a person can be obtained.

(iii) This method also helps to externalize the inner thoughts and ideas of an individual.

Disadvantages or demerits of Projective method:

(i) Project projective method is time consuming and interpretation of the response is very difficult.

(ii) A common classroom teacher can not apply it because for the administration of projective tests special training is necessary.

Statistical Method

9. Write a brief concept of Statistical Method. Mention its merits and demerits.

Statistical method is also a one of the method of educational psychology. This method is being used for study and analysis of human behaviour and responses. In this method, the data is made which is collected by the experimenter on various occasion. This method uses to compare the intellectual development of two children or the same child over the years as he develops. This method also helps to compare the results of two classes, two schools, and so on. Statistical methods used are consisted of measure of central tendency, variability, percentile, coefficient of correlation, etc. Use these methods can simplify the complex data for objective and numerical observation of the result with greater reliability.

Advantages or merits of Statistical method:

(i) The calculations are accurate hence findings are reliable.

(ii) The facts collected has to be accurate for accuracy of the method.

(iii) One very important merits of this method is that scientific procedures are always followed in every steps of any statistical method.

Disadvantages or demerits of Statistical method:

(i) A common teacher is not capable of applying it as this method requires specially trained personnel.

(ii) If proper statistical method is not applied, the findings may be wrong and hence harmful for the subject.

Class-11 | Education | Notes|

Chapter-1 Concept and Aims of Education

Chapter-2 Stages of Human Development

Chapter-3 School and Its Organisation

Chapter-4 (A) Psychology and Education

Chapter-4 (B) Educational psychology and Its Significance

Chapter-5 Physical Basis of Mental Life

Chapter-6 Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour

Chapter-7 Primary Education in India and Assam

Class-12 | Education | Question Paper |

2023-2024

2020-2022

2018-2019

2016-2017

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August 2026
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10	11	12	13	14	15	16
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Chapter- 4(A)| Psychology and Education| Class-11| Notes

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Chapter- 4(A)

Psychology and Education

Class- 11 Notes

Important Questions Answer

1. State how the word “Psychology” has been originated.

Ans: The word “Psychology” has been originated from two ‘Greek’ words ‘Psyche’ and ‘logos’. Psyche means ‘soul’ and Logos means ‘science of’. Thus the meaning of psychology is the soul.

2. Who said, “ First psychology lost its soul, then it lost its mind, then its consciousness, it still has behaviour of kind”?

Ans: Woodworth.

3. Why psychology is called the ‘science of behaviour’?

Ans: Psychology is called the science of behaviour because behaviour is the outer expression of our inner mind so by observing behaviour, we can understand the functioning of the mind of an individual. Behaviour includes the study of human mind and its three level – conscious, unconscious and sub-conscious.

4. Who said, “Psychology is a positive science of behaviour”?

Ans: J.B. Watson.

5. Why psychology is called a positive science?

Ans: Psychology is the study of human behaviour which is exhibited in a given situation. It tries to make an objective study of behaviour by using the method of direct observation and experimentation to deal with the present matter of fact. That is why, psychology is called a positive science.

6. What are branches of Psychology? Explain any two of them.

Ans: There are various branches of psychology which are mentioned below:

(a) Biological psychology.

(b) Developmental psychology.

(d) Clinical psychology.

(e) Child psychology.

(f) Educational psychology, etc.

Now, we are going to discuss briefly any of them in the following below:

(a) Biological Psychology:

Biological psychology is that branch of psychology which is studies the influence of physical environmental condition such as temperature, pollution, humidity, natural disaster etc. on human behaviour.

(b) Developmental psychology:

Developmental psychology is that branch which make studies a detailed of human being in different ages and stages of human life from conception to death. Here, all the aspects of human behaviour includes like- physical, mental, social, emotional, motor, language, etc.

7. Make two difference between Education and Psychology.

Ans: The two difference between Education and Psychology are mention below:

(a) Education is a normative science. On the other hand, Psychology is an objective or positive science.

(b) Education is based on philosophy. On the other hand, Psychology is based on experience.

8. Scope of psychology is very wider – Justify the statement.

Ans: Of course, the scope of psychology is becoming wider day by day. Because psychology studies all aspects of human life which has its own scope of studies that are highlighted below:

(i) It primarily studies causes of behaviour that includes physical, motor, mental, intellectual, and emotional activities.

(ii) It studies nature of behaviour in human being.

(iii) It takes into account human experiences that involves cognition, conation and affection.

(iv) It studies both consciousness and unconsciousness aspects of mind in its scope.

(v) It also studies many branches like developmental psychology, educational psychology, child psychology, clinical psychology, etc.

9. “ Education and psychology are not contradictory but complementary” Explain the statement.

Ans: Yes, Education and psychology are not contradictory but complementary each other we can say in the following ways:

(i) Education helps psychology in actual application of psychological findings.

(ii) Psychology also helps education in its practices and in solving different problems related to school environment and students.

(iii) Psychology makes educational norms, aims or goals in a reality.

(iv) Education contributes a lot towards widening the scope of psychology.

(v) Education also helps in developing several new branches of psychology like child psychology, educational psychology, developmental psychology, etc.

Thus, it may be observed that there is sustaining relationship between education and psychology that one can not survive as a branch of study without the help of the other.

10. What is child psychology?

Ans: Child psychology is a branch of psychology which deals with the behavioural development of children as he grows. The child is different from an adult so far his emotion, sentiments, urges and intelligence is concerned. Therefore, the child psychology helps their behaviour to be studied separately in accordance with their problem.

11. What is Clinical Psychology?

Ans: Clinical psychology is a branch of psychology which deals with causes, treatment and prevention of various psychological disorders in individual which helps individual in solving the challenges and problems of their individual life.

12. What do you mean by social psychology or Group psychology?

Ans: Social psychology is a branch of psychology which is studies the behaviour of an individual as a member of a group like- interpersonal relationship, cooperation, obedience to leaders, prejudice, aggression, social motivation, intergroup relation, etc. on the environment of the society.

13. What is Educational Psychology?

Ans: Educational psychology is nothing but it is regarded as the most important branch of applied psychology. It studies the educational problems with reference to the facts of psychology. It also deals with the problems of the individuals in the educational situation.

14. Definition of Educational psychology.

Ans: (i) According to Skinner, “Educational psychology covers the entire range of behaviour and personality as related to education”.

(ii) Again, Skinner said, “Educational psychology is that branch of psychology which deals with teaching and learning”.

15. Who is the father of Educational psychology?

Ans: A Swiss school teacher, Heinrich Pestalozzi is the father of educational psychology.

16. Mention three characteristics of Educational psychology.

Ans: The three characteristics of Educational psychology are mention below:

(i) Educational psychology as an applied branch of psychology applies the principles of psychology to study the behaviour of the children in learning situation.

(ii) It helps a teacher to solve the various problems that arise in a classroom situation.

(iii) It suggest the ways and means for the modification of the behaviour of the children.

17. Discuss about the scope of educational psychology.

Ans: The scope of educational psychology is very broad. It combines two fields education and psychology. Its scope can be broadly classified from the point of view of the key factors which are mentioned below:

(i) The learner:

Learner means the child who is involve in the process of learning. Every learner has his unique qualities and potentialities. Hence, one important area of educational psychology is to study the nature, and behaviour of the learner in its relation to education.

(ii) Individual differences:

Every child is different from the other by birth with his genetic qualities. So education has to be designed according to the needs, interest and attitudes of a child. Study of such individual is a major areas of study of educational psychology.

(iii) Stages of Development:

Every child passes through various stages of development before reaching maturity. Every stage of development has its own nature and characteristics. Educational psychology makes an analytical study of the nature of the psycho-physical development of the child.

(iv) Study of unconscious mind:

Educational psychology also attempts to make a study of the complexity of our unconscious mind and the role its plays in our day to day life.

Apart from all these, the scope of educational psychology also includes the following:

(v) Developmental characteristics.

(vi) A study of pupils behaviour.

(vii) Methods of teaching and learning.

(viii) Measurement and Evaluation.

(ix) Heredity and Environment.

(x) The teacher.

(xi) The learning process.

(xii) The learning experiences, Etc.

18. Mention two differences between general psychology and educational psychology.

Ans: The basic of difference between educational psychology and general psychology are as follows:

(i) General psychology is more theoretical, whereas educational psychology is practical.

(ii) General psychology is an old branch of study, but educational psychology is comparatively new.

(iii) The scope of general psychology is wider than educational psychology.

19. Discuss in brief why study of psychology is essential for a Teacher.

Ans: Relevance of psychology for the teacher may be clear with the following consideration:

(i) Understanding the child’s nature:

Child mind has it’s own nature so that teacher may know this better through the study of psychology.

(ii) Knowledge of child’s behaviour:

It is professional responsibility of the teacher to know the child’s native potential before he goes to teach. So that study of psychology is the way out for him.

(iii) Modification of child’s behaviour:

Teacher should bring about changes in the native instinctive tendencies and biological needs of children through study of this subject.

(iv) Creating interest and motivation:

Teacher is not teach but to create condition for self-learning of the students, here also study of psychology is of great help to him.

(v) To develop suitable method of teaching:

Teacher may be helped to evolve effective method of teaching through study of psychology.

(vi) To know about classroom situation:

Teacher may know the social structure and group behaviour of the students through study of psychology.

Point to be Remember

Psychology was first defined as science of soul.
During 18th century psychology was defined as the science of mind.
Modern and formal definition that is accepted today psychology as a ‘science of behaviour’.

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Important Guiding Agencies in Education System

Notes

Important Questions Answer

1. What are the full form of UNESCO, UGC, NCTE, NCERT, SCERT, DIET ?

2. In which year was the UNESCO was established?

3. In which year was the UGC was established?

4. When UGC become a stationary organization or autonomy of the Government of India?

5. UGC was established under the recommendation of ___________ commission. (Fill in the blank).

6. Under which commission the UGC was established in the year of 1953?

7. What are the two main purpose to set up of UGC?

8. Mention six power and functions of UGC.

9. In which year was the NCERT was established?

10. Where is the head quarter of NCERT?

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11. Mention three broad functions of NCERT.

12. Mention six main functions of NCERT.

13. Mention the three main objectives of setting up of SCERT at the state level.

14. Mention the name of any three academic departments of the SCERT.

15. Mention four functions of SCERT.

16. In which year was the SCERT, Assam set up?

17. Mention the name of any three academic departments of the SCERT, Assam.

18. Mention four functions of SCERT, Assam.

19. Mention the name of any three academic branches of the DIET.

20. What are the three main functions of the DIET?

21. Mention four functions of NCTE according to the Act of 1973.

Point to be Remember

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Defects of Present Day Curriculum | Notes |

Important Questions Answer

1. From which Latin word has the word curriculum been derived?

2. What is the meaning of the word ‘currere?

3. Define Curriculum.

4. Discuss about various types of Curriculum.

(i) Subject centred curriculum or Traditional curriculum:

(ii) Activity curriculum:

(iii) Experience curriculum:

(iv) Life centred curriculum:

(v) Child centred curriculum:

(vi) Correlated curriculum:

5. Briefly explain about the principles that should adopted while constructing the curriculum?

(i) Principle of Child-Centredness:

(ii) Principle of Correlation:

(iii) Principle of Community Centredness:

(iv) Principle of Flexibility:

(v) Principle of Utility:

(vi) Principle of training for leisure:

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6. Write four defects of the present day curriculum.

(i) No place of Activity:

(ii) Unsuitable to children needs:

(iii) Dominated by examinations:

(iv) Not related to life:

(v) Narrowly Conceived:

(vi) Over Crowding of Subject:

(vii) Lack of Vocational Subjects:

7. Discuss about various types of Co-Curricular Activities.

(i) Physical Activities:

(ii) Academic Activities:

(iii) Social Activities:

(iv) Emotional Activities:

8. Write four objectives of Co-curricular activities.

9. Mention six advantages of Co-curricular activities.

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Role of Teacher as a Facilitator | Motivator | Counsellor | Notes |

Important Question Answer

1. Who define, “The teacher is like the candle which light others in consuming itself ?”

2. Who said, “ If there is any profession of paramount importance, I believe it is that of the school master ?”

3. Mention six personal qualities of a Teacher.

4. Briefly discuss about six professional qualities of a Teacher.