Class-12 Education

1. What is Non-Formal Education? Explain it with suitable examples.

Ans: Non-formal education is an organized and systematic form of education that takes place outside the formal school system. It is flexible, need-based, and designed according to the interests and requirements of learners.

      It may include adult education, vocational training, literacy programmes, distance learning, and community education.

    According to J.P. Naik, non-formal education is education that takes place outside the formal school system but it is organized and purposeful.

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2. What do you mean by Correspondence Education?

Ans: Correspondence education is a system of education in which learners’ study through printed learning materials sent by post or other means without regularly attending classes. Learners’ complete assignments and receive guidance from teachers through correspondence.

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3. What is Distance Education?

Ans: Distance education is a form of education in which the teacher and learner are separated by distance. Teaching and learning take place through printed materials, online platforms, radio, television, audio-visual media, and other technologies.

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4. What is Open Education?

Ans: Open education is a flexible educational system that removes barriers related to age, qualification, time, and place. It aims to make education accessible to all learners according to their needs and convenience.

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5. What is Open School?

Ans: Open school is an educational institution that provide school-level education through flexible and distance learning methods. It is designed especially for school dropouts, working learners, and those unable to attend regular schools.

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6. What is Open University?

Ans: Open University is a system of higher education that provides learning opportunities to people who cannot attend regular colleges or universities. It follows a flexible and open admission policy and mainly uses distance learning methods. It is especially useful for working adults, housewives, school dropouts, and learners from remote areas.

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7. Why non-formal education is considered as a flexible system of education?

Ans: Non-formal education is considered a flexible system of education because it allows learners to study according to their own time, place, and pace. It has flexible admission rules and is designed according to the needs and interests of learners.

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8. Why non-formal education is considered as a supportive system of education?

Ans: Non-formal education is considered a supportive system of education because it supplements formal education by providing learning opportunities to school dropouts, adults, and disadvantaged groups. It helps learners gain additional knowledge, skills, and awareness.

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9. Distance education is a flexible system of education. Explain.

Ans: Distance education is flexible system of education because learners can study according to their own time, place, and pace. It provides educational opportunities without requiring regular classroom attendance and allows learners to continue their studies while managing other responsibilities.

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10. Why non-formal education is called complementary to formal education? Give three reasons.

Ans: The following reasons explain why non-formal education is called complementary to formal education:

(i) Provides Education to School Dropouts:

Non-formal education offers learning opportunities to students who have left school before completing their education.

(ii) Support Formal Education:

It helps learners acquire additional knowledge, skills, and training beyond what is provided in formal schools.

(iii) Promotes Lifelong Learning:

It enables people to continue learning throughout their lives even after leaving formal educational institutions.

(iv) Offers Flexible Learning:

Unlike formal education, it allows learners to study according to their own time, pace, and pace.

(v) Develops Practical and Vocational Skills:

It provides skill-based training useful for employment and daily life.

(vi) Provides a Second Chance for Education:

It gives people who missed formal education an opportunity to continue their studies.

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11. Explain briefly the three significant aspects of distance education.

Ans: The three significant aspects of distance education are explained below:

(i) Learner-Centric Education:

Distance education focuses on the needs and interests of learners and allows them to learn at their own pace.

(ii) Indirect Education:

Teaching takes place through study materials and communication technologies rather than regular face-to-face classroom instruction.

(iii) Real-Life Centric Education:

The learning process is connected with the practical needs and experiences of learners in daily life.

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12. “All open education is distance education, but not all distance education is open education.” Give three reasons.

Ans: The reasons for the statement “All open education is distance education, but not all distance education is open education.” Are as follows:

(i) Open education uses distance learning methods, so it is a part of distance education.

(ii) Open education is more flexible than distance education, it provides freedom regarding admission, learning pace, and study methods.

(iii) Open education is more learner-centred and open, whereas some distance education programmes are conducted under formal institutional regulations.

(iv) Distance education may have admission requirements, age limits, or fixed regulations, whereas open education is generally open to all learners with minimal restrictions.

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13. Non-formal education is based on democratic principles. Discuss.

Ans: Non-formal education is based on democratic principles because it provides equal educational opportunities to all people without discrimination based on age, gender, caste, religion, or economic status. It respects the needs, interests, and abilities of learners and allows them to learn according to their convenience.

(i) Equal opportunity for all learners.

(ii) Freedom in learning time, place, and pace.

(iii) Learner-centred approach.

(iv) Open access to education for disadvantaged groups.

(v) Encourages participation and cooperation.

   Thus, non-formal education reflects democratic ideals by ensuring equality, freedom, participation, and educational opportunities for all.

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14. Discuss the objectives of Non-Formal Education.

or

Discuss the objectives of Correspondence Education.

or

Discuss the objectives of Distance Education.

or

Write five objectives of Open Education.

or

Discuss the objectives of Open School.

Ans: The Common Objectives of Non-Formal Education, Correspondence Education, Distance Education, Open Education, and Open Schools are as follows:

(i) To Provide Education for All:

 It aims to make education accessible to all sections of society regardless of age, gender, occupation, or location.

(ii) To ensure Equal Educational Opportunities:

It provides educational opportunities to disadvantaged groups, school dropouts, working people, and learners in remote areas.

(iii) To Promote Lifelong Learning:

It encourages continuous learning throughout life according to the needs and interests of learners.

(iv) To Encourage Self-Learning:

It promotes independent learning and self-study among learners.

(v) To Remove Educational Barriers:

It reduces barriers related to age, time, place, and economic conditions.

(vi) To Develop Knowledge and Skills:

It helps learners acquire academic, vocational, and practical skills for personal and professional development.

(vii) To Support Social and National Development:

It contributes to social progress and national development by creating educated and skilled citizens.

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15. Discuss the importance of Non-Formal Education in the present-day society.

or

Discuss the importance of Correspondence Education.

or

Discuss the importance of Distance Education.

or

Discuss the importance of Open Education.

or

Explain the importance of Open School.

or

Mention the three merits of Open Education.

Ans: The Common importance of Non-Formal Education, Correspondence Education, Distance Education, Open Education, and Open Schools are as follows are as follows:

(i) Expands Educational Opportunities:

It makes education available to a larger number of people.

(ii) Provides Flexible Learning:

Learners can study according to their own pace, time, and convenience.

(iii) Helps Working and Adult Learners:

It enables workers, housewives, and adults to continue their education.

(iv) Promotes Inclusive Education:

It ensures that education reaches disadvantaged and marginalized groups.

(v) Encourages Lifelong Learning:

People can continue learning and updating their knowledge throughout their lives.

(vi) Develops Human Resources:

It helps in developing skilled manpower required for economic and social development.

(vii) Supports National Development:

An educated population contributes to the overall progress and development of the nation.

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16. Mention three demerits of Open Education.

Ans: The three demerits of Open Education are as follows:

(i) Limited Study Centre:

The number of study centres is often insufficient, especially in rural areas.

(ii) Lack of Personal Interaction:

Students have fewer opportunities for direct contact with teachers and classmates.

(iii) Limited Practical Training:

Practical and laboratory-based subjects are difficult to teach effectively through distance methods.

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17. Discuss the salient features of Non-Formal Education.

or

Mention three important features of Distance Education.

or

Explain the characteristics of Correspondence Education.

or

Explain the characteristics of open school.

or

Write five characteristics of Open University.

Ans:

(i) Alternative Forms of Education:

It functions outside or alongside the traditional formal education system.

(ii) Flexibility in Learning:

It provides flexibility in admission, age, time, place, of learning.

(iii) Learner-Centred Approach:

It focuses on learners’ needs, interest, and abilities.

(iv) Self-Learning:

It encourages independent study and self-instruction.

(v) Open Access:

It makes education available to a wide range of learners.

(vi) Lifelong Learning:

It supports continuous education throughout life.

(vii) Cost-Effective:

It generally provides education at a lower cost than conventional systems.

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Point to be Remember

• Correspondence education was first introduced by Issac Pitman in 1840.
• Correspondence education provides ‘short hand’ courses.
• Hens Hermod published his first correspondence courses.
• In 1961, Kothari Commission recommended introduction of correspondence courses in India.
• As a result, University of Delhi started first Correspondence courses in 1962.
• First Open School in Assam is the Assam State Open School (ASOS).
• First Open University in Assam is Krishna Kanta Handique Sate Open University, established in 2005 and operation from 2006 or 2007.
• The first Open University in India was Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University established in 1982 at Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.
• Indira Gandhi National Open University, established in 1985 by an Act of Parliament. It is the second open university in India and the largest open university in the world by student enrolment.
• The first open University in the world was the Open University (UK), established in 1969.
• Anadolu University (Turkey) is the second largest open university in the world by enrolment, after IGNOU.
• New Education Policy of 1986 stressed on Open University education.

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