December 2023

Class-11| Chapter-2| Stages of Human Development| Notes

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Chapter-2

Stages of Human Development

Class-11

Notes

Growth and Development

1. What is Growth and Development?

Ans: Changes in the quantitative aspects are called ‘Growth’. It means the term ‘Growth’ refers to the changes in physical sense like- increase in size, length, height and weight, etc.

On the other hand, Changes in both qualitative as well quantitative aspects of human life is called ‘Development’ it implies overall changes In shape, form or structure resulting in improved working or functioning.

2. Find out the difference between growth and development.

Ans: The difference between growth and development are mentioned below:

3. Mention four principles of development.

Ans: The four principles of development are:

(a) Principle of continuity.

(b) Principle of Individual difference.

(d) Principle of proceeding from general to specific response.

4. Write four characteristics of Development.

Ans: The four characteristics of development are mentioned below:

i. Development is a continues, comprehensive and long term process.

ii. Development is predictable.

iii. The rate and speed of development can not be uniform and regular.

iv. It is both quantitative as well as qualitative.

v. Development process is influenced by hereditary and environment factor both.

vi. Different individuals have different pattern of growth and development.

5. Mention two basic elements of development.

Ans: The two basic elements of development are:

(a) Growth

(b) Maturation

(d) Social transmission

Infancy Stage

6. What is Infancy?

Ans: The first five years after birth is called Infancy. It means the period from birth to 5 years is the first stage of human life.

7. From where the term ‘Infancy’ was originated?

Ans: The term ‘infancy’ was originated from the “Latin” word ‘infans’ means ‘unable to speak’.

8. Mention four characteristics of Infancy.

Ans: The four characteristics of infancy are mentioned below:

i. Animism

ii. Ego-centricism.

iii. Curiosity.

iv. Dependence.

v. Quick physical growth.

vi. Imitativeness.

9. What is Animism?

Ans: Animism is a typical nature of child’s mental life which belief that objects are inanimate (non-living) have feelings, thoughts, pleasure and pain, joy and sorrow like him and have mental characteristics and qualities of living things. This nature of child’s mental life is called Animism.

For example: When the child falls on the ground then he begins to cry, when someone hits the ground then he feels pleasure.

10. In which stage is known as ‘Questioning age’?

Ans: Infancy stage.

11. Why do infants frequently ask questions?

Ans: Infants frequently ask questions begins to know and learn language by imitating parent or others.

12. What is the name of the stage from birth to 5 years of age?

Ans: Infancy stage.

13. How many stages of development in human life?

Ans: There are mainly four stages of development in human life.

14. Mention five psycho-physical needs of infancy.

Ans: The fie psycho-physical needs of infancy are mentioned below:

(a) Physical need.

(b) Need of Play.

(d) Need of freedom.

(e) Need of emotional security.

15. Write briefly about the educational provision of infants.

Ans: During infancy, the educational provision should be made keeping in view of their psycho-physical characteristics and need which are mentioned below:

i. Proper care of keeping good health and habit are of primary consideration to them for awakening the dormant qualities of child.

ii. Calm and peaceful environment should be made for education of the child.

iii. Play, music, dance etc. should be the most important which can help to satisfy child’s physical mental, emotional, social and moral development of the child in a comprehensive way.

iv. Importance should be given for the development of child’s thinking, reasoning, and imagination power through use of learning by doing method.

v. Instruction should be given to maintain neat and clean.

Childhood Stage

16. What is Childhood?

Ans: The second stage means the period from 6 to 12 years of age of human development life is called Childhood. This stage is also divided into two periods namely:

(a) Early childhood (From 6-8 years).

(b) Late childhood (From 9-12 years).

17. Which stage is called the ‘schooling age’?

Ans: Childhood stage.

18. Why childhood is called the age of schooling?

Ans: Childhood is called the age of schooling because the child attains requisite mental maturity to exhibit loyalty and subordination to reading and writing at this stage to undergo formal education in school. Therefore, it is called the schooling age.

19. Mention four characteristics of Childhood.

Ans: The four characteristics of childhood are mentioned below:

(a) Gang loyalty (Late childhood).

(b) Homo-sexuality.

(d) Development of creative power (Late childhood).

20. What is Gang Loyalty?

Ans: Gang loyalty means a own group of children where they form certain rules and code of conduct in the gang and uphold them quite faithfully and obediently to select their leader to follow him without violates the rules of the group is called Gang loyalty. They develop a strong sense of loyalty and allegiance to the gang to play outside with their groups.

21. Write briefly about educational provision of Childhood.

Ans: Educational provision should be made according to different characteristics of child which are mentioned in the following points:

i. At this stage, the child becomes realistic and extrovert in nature so that education should be given on real experience on learning by doing.

ii. Preliminary Heath education should be instructed to maintain neat and clean at this stage.

iii. Education should be given according to the interest with love and care of the children. So that the child can learn effectively.

iv. Group play and group activities should be given importance on child’s which can help them in physical and social development.

v. Importance should be given for the development of instinctive behaviour of the children properly.

vi. Educational tour programmes should be arranged to fulfil their curiosity in different important places.

Adolescence Stage

22. What is Adolescence?

Ans: The period which is comprises between 12 to 18/19 years of age means the period of transition between childhood and adulthood is called Adolescence. But this period is also divided into two stages, namely:

(a) Early childhood (12-15 years).

(b) Late childhood (15-18/19 years).

23. From where the term ‘Adolescence’ is originated?

Ans: The term ‘adolescence’ is originated from ‘Latin’ word ‘adolescere’ which means ‘to grow’.

24. Who said, “Adolescence is a period of great stress and strain, storm and strife, storm and stress”?

Ans: Stanley Hall.

25. Who described, “the state of adolescence as a recapitulation of the stage of infancy”?

Ans: Dr. Earnest Jones.

26. Mention two characteristics of Adolescence.

Ans: The two characteristics of adolescence are mentioned below:

(a) Hero- worshiping.

(b) Hetero-sexuality.

27. Mention two psycho-physical needs of adolescence.

Ans: The two psycho-physical needs of adolescence are:

(a) Need of freedom.

(b) Need of social security.

28. Mention four problems of adolescence stage.

Ans: The four problems of adolescence stage are mentioned below:

(a) Sex problem.

(b) Social problem.

(d) Problem of delinquency.

29. What is Hetero-Sexuality?

Ans: Hetero-Sexuality is a remarkable characteristics of adolescence. Here, Hetero-sexuality means sexually attracted to opposite sex. It means boys who are attracted to girls and girls who are attracted to boys are hetero-sexual. So, therefore we can say that sex life of the adolescence is called Hetero-sexuality.

30. Why Adolescence is called “a period of great stress and strain, storm and strife, storm and stress”? Explain briefly.

Ans: As we know, conscious people in society express both positive and negative attitude towards the adolescents. So that, the ground reality is to called adolescence is ‘a period of great stress and strain, storm and strife, storm and stress’ that if the psycho-physical needs in the boys and girls of the adolescents are reasonably satisfied then it may ensure healthy adjusted and develop positive attitude towards life. On the contrary, if they remain frustrated the stage may naturally create storm and stress in anybody’s life to affect all people in society. Therefore, we can say that the social situation is mainly responsible for creating stress and strain, storm and strife, storm and stress in life of the adolescent.

31. Write briefly about the educational provisions of adolescence.

Ans: Educational provisions should be keeping in view of their psycho-physical needs and problems. So in view of this fact educational provisions for the adolescents may be summarised with the following points:

(i) Educational provision should be provided for art, music, games and sports in their co-curricular programme in school to serve emotional needs of the boys and girls.

(ii) Training for leadership should form part of education through scout, guide and red-cross organisation to develop a sense of discipline, loyalty and obedience among the children.

(iii) Need based educational provision should be provided in school for giving educational, vocational and personal guidance among the students to choose proper path in their life.

(iv) Sex-life provision should be made for sex education in secondary school to remove all illusion and misconception on sex and its related problems.

(v) Social sense of friendship, co-operation and the democratic values of equality and social justice should be promoted in them through active participation in social situations.

(vi) Education for leisure should form an essential part of school programme to develop good hobbies and habits among the students through different co-curricular activities in the school.

32. Discuss the role of parents or home on child’s development.

or

Discuss briefly about the influence of home on child’s personality.

Ans: Child’s development of desirable qualities in his life is subjective to influences of home environment. Nature of such influences or role of parents may be identified in the following below:

(i) An ideal environment of home must be created with love, affection and understanding by the parents to develop healthy and attractive personality of the child.

(ii) The should also create an environment of freedom and spontaneity at home for their self-expression and development.

(iii) The parents should try to satisfy their psycho-physical needs of children reasonably.

(iv) Parents should give their company to children in the family for maximum limit of time.

(v) Parent should ensure emotional security to children in the family.

(vi) They should be given desirable status, position, honour and recognition in the family.

Class-11 | Education | Notes

Chapter-1 Concept and Aims of Education

Chapter-2 Stages of Human Development

Chapter-3 School and Its Organisation

Chapter-4 (A) Psychology and Education.

Chapter-4 (B) Educational psychology and Its Significance.

Chapter-5 Physical Basis of Mental Life.

Chapter-6 Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour.

Chapter-7 Primary Education in India and Assam.

Class-11 | Education | Question Papers |

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Chapter-1| Concept and Aims of Education| Class-11| Notes

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Chapter-1

Concept and Aims of Education

Class-11

Notes

Important Questions Answer

1. What do you mean by Education?

Ans: In simple term, Education is nothing but it is a dynamic, continues and life long process of development of an individual which begins at the birth and continues throughout our life for acquiring knowledge and experiences that we acquire at home, school, playground, newspapers, radio, television, movies, etc. It helps to complete development of a man’s personality, as a whole.

So therefore, we can say that Education is life and life itself is education which can help to modify our behaviour, character and knowledge in all aspects of human development.

2. Give any one definition of Education.

Ans: Different educationist has given different definition of education which are mentioned below:

(i) M.K Gandhi defines, “By education I mean an all round drawing out of the best in the child and man body, mind and spirit.”

(ii) According to Swamy Vivekananda, “Education is the manifestation of divine perfection, already existing in man.”

(iii) Aristotle speaks of education as “the creation of a sound mind in a sound mind.”

(iv) Pestalozzi indicates education as “the natural, harmonious and progressive development of man’s innate powers.”

(v) John Dewey maintains “Education is the development of all those capacities in the individual which will enable him to control his environment and fulfil his possibilities.”

(vi) Socrates view, “Education is the development of the universal elements, which is dormant in every individual.”

(vii) Plato opinions that, “Education is the capacity of feel pleasure and pain at the right moment.”

(viii) Sir Percy Nunn says “Education is the complete development of the individuality of the child so that he can make an original contribution to human life…”

3. Briefly explain Etymological meaning of the term ‘Education’.

Ans: The term ‘Education’ has been derived from four ‘Latin’ words. These are- EDUCO, EDUCARE, EDUCERE and EDUCATUM.

Firstly, It comes from two combination words “E” and “DUCO. Here, ‘E’ means “Out of” and “DUCO” means “Lead out”. Thus “EDUCO” means ‘to lead out’ the inner power of man.

Secondly, the word “Education” originated from three ‘Latin’ words, namely:

(a) EDUCARE:

It means ‘to bring up’ or ‘to nourish’. Here, education is considered as a process, not a product.

(b) EDUCERE:

It means ‘to lead out’ or ‘to draw out’. Here, Education is considered as ‘the latent potential of the child from within’.

(c) EDUCATUM:

It denotes ‘the act of teaching’ or ‘training’. Here, Education is considered as ‘the principles and practice of teaching’.

Point to be Remember

‘EDUCO’ and ‘EDUCERE’ refers to ‘Education’ as an act of development from within whereas ‘EUCARE’ and ‘EDUCATUM’ implies that ‘Education’ is an act of putting in something from outside sources.

4. Write briefly about the concept of narrow and wider meaning of education.

Ans: In the narrow and in its restricted sense education means ‘schooling’. Here, Everything is systematic, prefix, and pre-determined. The curriculum, discipline, deliberate efforts by the teachers inculcate certain values, habits or attitudes in children, method of teaching, and examination, marks or grades are followed in the school. A learner can get proper employment after getting a certificate from these institution.

So, we can say that narrow meaning of education is a systematic process to achieve the definite goals of education through classroom instruction.

On the other hand, In the wider and unrestricted sense all experiences of our life are said to be education. Here, education is not limited to four walls of the classroom. It comprises totality of our experiences which covers man’s physical, mental, social, emotional, and moral aspects of experiences from birth to death. These knowledge, experience and skills can gained through the house, temple, church, family. Playground, club, society even school which gives true realization of a man’s life.

Therefore, we indicate that education is life and life itself is education which helps us to modify our behaviour, character and knowledge in all aspects of human development which are regarded as the wider meaning of education.

5. Make distinguish between Narrow and Wider meaning of education.

Ans: The distinguish between narrow and wider meaning of education are mentioned below:

(i) Narrow meaning of education is planned and organized process. On the other hand, Wider meaning of education is a social process.

ii. Narrow meaning of education which starts with students entry in school and ends with instruction completion, While wider meaning of education starts from birth and goes throughout life.

iii. Narrow meaning of education education is limited to schooling only, whereas wider meaning of education goes beyond schooling and instruction.

iv. In narrow meaning, the aim of education imparts limited knowledge in specific subjects. On the contrary, the aim of education focusses on overall development of students in wider sense.

v. In narrow meaning of education, contents included only academic subjects traditionally taught in the schools, But contents are based on overall learning experiences of students in the field of wider meaning of education.

6. Education is a ‘Bio-polar’ as well as ‘Tri-polar’ process. Explain briefly.

Ans: Sir John Adams in his book entitled “Evolution of Educational Theory” said that education is a bio-polar process which is considered two poles, namely:

(a) Teacher.

(b) Students.

Here, both are equally important in the process of education because If the teacher gives, the child receives and if the teacher instruct, the child follows. Here, the teacher seeks the modification of the development not only through imparting knowledge and skills but also through the direct influences on the child’s personality. So therefore, we can say that there is an interaction between the teacher and the child which is very essential.

On the other hand, John Dewey considered education is a tri-polar process. He said that educational process not only has a psychological side involving the teacher (educator) and the educand (students), but also has a sociological aspects too. It means the process of education contains three poles, namely:

(a) Teacher.

(b) Student.

(c) Social or educational environment.

Here, the teacher designs, plan, execute and evaluate students experiences to understand the child’s interest, capacities, aptitudes, and also try to modify the personality of the students. So therefore, we can say that these three factors actively cooperate in the efficient and successful working of the educational process which determines the aims, contents, method of teaching in which the teacher and the child both lives.

7. Write a short note on ‘Education as a life long process’.

Ans: Yes, It is true that education is a continues and life long process which begins at the birth and continues throughout our life. It includes the effects of everything that influences human personality for acquiring knowledge, skills, experiences and competencies through formal, informal and non-formal learning throughout the entire life span.

So therefore, we can say that education is considered as a life long process pf striving for perfection.

8. Write short note on ‘Education as modification of human behaviour’.

Ans: Yes, It is true that education as modification of human behaviour because of the following reason:

(a) Education is a process which develops our learning factors that bring relatively enduring or permanent changes in our behaviour.

(b) Education can change our behaviour that covers the whole life of a man to modify itself through the process of modification.

(c) It represent a progressive change in behaviour by the acquisition of new behaviour which gives to meet our desire, needs and requirements for change.

So therefore, above reason we can say that education is considered as modification of human behaviour.

9. Write short note on ‘Education as an instrument of social change.

Ans: Yes, It is true that education as an instrument of social change because of the following reason:

(a) Education helps us in increasing the mental ability of a persons thinking, pattern of social relationship, attitudes, and lifestyle of a person.

(b) It helps to bring such instant changes like- concept of right and wrong, what should be done or what not.

10. Briefly explain the scope of Education.

Ans: The literal meaning of scope is ‘range’. It means are or subject matter of study which encompasses breadh, comprehension, and variety of learning experiences that to be performed in the educational process. The scope of educational process includes the following aspects:

1. Types of Education:

(a) Formal Education

(b) In-formal Education

2. Aims of Education:

(a) Individual aim of Education

(b) Social aim of Education

(d) Liberal or cultural aim of Education

(e) Democratic aim of Education

3. Relation with others discipline:

(a) Education and Philosophy

(b) Education and Psychology

(d) Education and Economics

(e) Education and Political science

(f) Education and Population studies

(g) Education and Environmental Education, etc.

So to conclude, we can say that all the educational aspects which is studies with review, outlook, planning, effectiveness, operation and application on the concerned person in a comprehensive way.

11. What do you mean by Formal Education? Give with example.

Ans: The education which is imparted at a particular place under controlled environment is called formal education. For example- School, colleges, university and other institutions.

Here, aims and methods of teaching are pre-determined, curriculum is fixed, duration of teaching time is controlled by the time table and discipline is exhibited everywhere in the system. One the education is over, the students are given pass or fail certificate or degree.

12. Enumerated the characteristics of Formal Education.

Ans: The characteristics of formal education are enumerated under the below:

i. Formal education is planned and deliberate.

ii. It has chronological grading system.

iii. It has a syllabus and subject oriented.

iv. The syllabus must be covered within a specific time.

v. Discipline is strict as well as flexible.

vi. It has fixed rules and regulations.

vii. It is structured hierarchically.

13. What do you mean by In-formal Education? Give with example.

Ans: In-formal Education refers to a life long learning process whereby each individual acquires attitudes, values, skills and knowledge from the educational influences and resources in his or her own environment and from daily life experiences is called In-formal Education.

For example: Family, neighbourhood, playground, church, social and religious organisation, peer group, radio, television etc.

14. Enumerated the characteristics of In-formal Education.

Ans: The characteristics of In-formal Education are enumerated under the below:

i. In-formal Education is independent of boundary walls.

ii. It has no definite syllabus.

iii. It is not pre-determined and has no time table.

iv. It is a life long process in a natural way.

v. Self discipline is followed which comes from social control.

vi. It is natural and unconscious process.

vii. This type of education is received from any and every person at any time or any place.

viii. No certificate or degree are awarded.

15. . Make distinguish between Formal and In-formal education.

Ans: The distinguish between Formal and In-formal education are mentioned below:

(a) Formal education is pre-planned and pre-determined towards certain aim or goal. On the other hand, In-formal education is purely incidental and spontaneous where no definite aim or goal of education to be pre-determined.

(b) The formal education has rigid time table, While in-formal education is free from any rigid time table.

(c) Students evaluation is done on the basis of examination after passing examination where degree or certificate are awarded in formal education. On the contrary, There is no certificate or degree are awarded in in-formal education. Here, evaluation is done by observing social adjustment.

(d) Formal education has fixed curriculum, rules and regulations, where as there has no fixed curriculum even rules and regulations in-formal education. The whole life and experiences is its curriculum.

16. What do you mean by Non-formal Education? Give one example.

Ans: The education which is systematically imparted to learners according to the time table and certificate or degree may also be issued at the end of education but teaching is not controlled by evaluation. This type of education is called Non-formal Education.

For example: Distance education like- IDOL, KKHSOU, IGNOU, Adult Education Centres, Anganwadi are better example of this.

17. Enumerated the characteristics of No-formal Education.

Ans: The characteristics of Non-formal education are enumerated under the below:

i. The non-formal education is planned and takes place apart from the school system.

ii. It may be full time or part time learning and one can earn and learn together.

iii. It has no age limit.

iv. It is a life long educational process.

v. It encourages self learning.

vi. It is based on the principles of maximum utilisation of human potentials.

vii. It involves learning of professional skills.

viii. It has flexible curriculum, inner discipline and self awareness programme.

18. Make distinguish between Formal and Non-formal education.

Ans: The distinguish between Formal and Non-formal education are enumerated below:

(a) Formal education has fixed concepts and contents in its curriculum. On the contrary, Non-formal education has a diversified curriculum responsive to the learner’s need.

(b) In formal education, duration of education is fixed and pre-scheduled, While duration of education s subjected to learners in non-formal education.

(d) Certificates, degrees are awarded on the basis of examination in formal education, Where as on the basis of evaluation certificates, degrees are awarded in non-formal education.

19. Write briefly on the relation between Education and Biology.

Ans: Yes, Education is closely related with biology in the following ways:

i. Both education and biology studies on man and environment.

ii. Biology studies on influence of heredity and environment whereas education studies both on acquisition of knowledge.

iii. Biology deals with only physical environment while education studies not only physical environment but also social environment both and its impact on individuals.

iv. Biology deals with central nervous system, functions of brain, gene, chromosomes, hormone, etc. whereas education helps us in widening our knowledge on these areas.

v. Biology makes a detailed study about the dietary habit of man, types of food consumption to achieve proper nutrition while education studies on different types of food, their nutritional value and so on.

20. Write briefly on the relation between Education and Philosophy.

Ans: Education and Philosophy both are very closely each other. They are called the two sides of the same coin because of the following reason:

i. Both education and philosophy deals with human being and their life.

ii. Philosophy is wisdom whereas education transmits that wisdom from one generation to other one.

iii. Philosophy embodies a way of life of an individual whereas education prepares a life of an individual.

iv. Philosophy determines the various aspects of education.

v. Philosophy determines a set of goal of life which is consciously adopted by education.

vi. Philosophy represent a system of thought while education embraces that thought in the content of instruction.

21. Write short note on the relation of Education with Sociology.

Ans: Yes, Education and sociology both are intimately related to each other because of the following ways:

i. Both sociology and education are concerned essentially with man and his life.

ii. Education is the means for achieving a set of goals of sociology.

iii. Education is the laboratory and workshop of sociology.

iv. Education contributes to social change and transmission of culture which are sociological issues.

v. Sociology studies the structure and functions of social system while education is one of the important functions of any social system.

vi. Sociology contributes greatly to the planning, execution, monitoring and evaluation of educational process.

22. Write a short note on the relation of Education with Economics.

Ans: Education and Economics are closely related because of the following ways:

i. Both education and economics are the ability of the members in an educated society to use their knowledge to discover new opportunities for wealth creation.

ii. Education makes a country economically rich.

iii. The education of people in a society determines the growth of economical potential, wage level, and unemployment rate in society to contributes social peace.

iv. Education is a facilitator for economic development which helps us to increase the accessibility of people to modern and scientific ideas.

v. Education is a human capital investment which is expected to yields results that will translate to the improvement and growth of the economy of a nation.

vi. Education allows its owner to receive a higher income and gives the opportunity for self expression, creative fulfilment, as well as moral satisfaction from current activities.

23. Write short note on the relation of Education with Psychology.

Ans: Education and psychology are interdependent to each other in the following ways:

i. Education is considered with aims, ideals, and standards of life whereas psychology determines whether these aims are attainable or not.

ii. Psychology and education both deals with human behaviour in different ways.

iii. Psychology introduce new theories of learning in education.

iv. Educational psychology deals with the educational problems.

v. Educational psychology considered the foundation of education because psychology effects education in every field of teaching and learning process.

vi. Educational psychology covers the entire range of behaviour and personality as related to education.

vii. Psychology suggest use of different methods in teaching and learning to achieve better result.

24. Who was the chief supporter of individual aim of education?

Ans: Sir Thomas Percy Nunn was the chief supporter of individual aim of education.

25. What is meant by Education for Individuality? Write with it’s merits and demerits.

Ans: Education for individuality or Individual aim of education means the education of an individual growth which is refers to imparting knowledge according to the needs, desires, and interests of an individual for all round development of child’s power and natural development for optimization of his individuality in all its aspects.

Sir Thomas Percy Nunn was the chief supporter this individual aim of education or education for individuality. According to him, “Individuality is the ideal of life.”

Advantages or Merits of Individual aim of Education:

i. Individual aim of Education helps to develop individual qualities and potentialities of a child who is unique biological in accordance with his nature.

ii. It helps to tech the child to respect the individual life.

iii. It can lead the individual self-realization of higher or supreme values of life.

iv. It also develop not only the individual excellence of each child but also enable him to understand the society.

Disadvantages or Demerits of Individual aim Education:

i. It can make individual selfish, self-centred and economical.

ii. It gives importance only on biological heredity but it denies the social heredity which is equally important.

iii. It ignores the socio-cultural influence as well as rich heritage of the country.

iv. It gives more freedom which may misuse it and might may cause more harmful by the little children.

v. It gives importance on individual development only but it denies the social development.

26. Who was the chief advocate of this social aim of education?

Ans: John Dewey was the chief advocate of this social aim of education.

27. Explain the social aim of education with it’s merits and demerits.

Ans: The social aim of education refers to consideration the social needs of society, stability, reconstruction, development and social adjustment. It is directly associated with the fulfilment of the social welfare of the society.

John Dewey was the chief advocate of this social aim of education. He emphasized in his book “Democracy and Education” and “School and society” that the development of society is of prime importance for the development of individuality.

Advantages of Social aim of Education:

i. Social aim of education can helps to formulate its own progress of the society with the help of education.

ii. It helps to adjustment person to person to prepared a child to live as an effective member of the society.

iii. Man is a social animal by instinct. Therefore, this aim can helps to moulds and makes him a perfect human being.

iv. It also helps to make a close relationship between the school and the outside world.

Demerits of Social aim education:

i. It is against the development of individuality of the individual.

ii. Society ignores the legitimate needs, desires and interests of the individual.

iii. It reduces individual to a mere non-entity.

iv. It makes individual only as a tool of government.

28. The individual and social aim of education are not contradictory but complementary to each other. Discuss this statement.

Ans: Yes, although there are differences between individual and social aim of education but both are interdependent or complementary to each other because of the following different points of view which are mentioned below:

i. Individual and social aim of education both focus on the development of the society as a whole.

ii. The development of man depends on the development of society.

iii. The individual can not realize himself. Every human being is social by nature and he is capable of reaching his fullest development only in the society.

iv. John Dewey emphasized that ”the development of society is of prime importance for the development of individuality.”

v. Sir Percy Nunn believed that the individuals could develop their goodness in the need of a social environment.

vi. Again, Progressive thinkers feel that when individuals are developed society will automatically be developed.

So therefore, we can say that individual can not survive without society and society also can not survive without individual. Both individual and social aim of education are interdependent and complementary to each other.

29. What is Vocational aim of Education? What makes this aim so important for the society?

Ans: In simple term, Vocational aim of Education means the education which is imparted the necessary education and training to their own children in the vocation to prepares people to work individual to be self-employed with requisite sill to move in their careers is called vocational aim of education.

This aims are very important for the society which are mentioned in the following below:

i. Vocational aim makes one economically self sufficient.

ii. It can make individuals good, loyal and productive citizens.

iii. It may help to utilise individual capacity for social progress.

iv. It can serve the present reality of life and needs of individual.

v. It can solve the socio-economic problems including the problem of unemployment in the youths.

vi. It helps the state in making effective use of man power resources for country’s development.

30. Write two disadvantages of Vocational aim of education.

Ans: The two disadvantages of Vocational aim of education are mentioned below:

i. This aims fails to satisfy the mental and spiritual need of high order.

ii. It could not satisfy the cultural and aesthetic need of man.

31. Write short note on “Liberal aim of education.”

Ans: Liberal aim of education is that which is indicate the education entailed in the classical tradition of education. For example- art, music, literature and philosophy. This aim is also known as ‘Cultural aim of education.’

This liberal aim of education helps students to develop a sense of social responsibility as well as strong and transferable intellectual and practical knowledge and skills in real world setting.

This aim can serves the aesthetic, moral and spiritual need of man. It may also can help man to utilise his leisure hour in a more healthy and creative way.

32. What should be the aim of education in a democracy?

Ans: As we know that education is the great instrument of social emancipation by which democracy establishes, maintains and protects the spirit of equality among its members.

Therefore, the aim of education in a democracy must be formulated on the basis of the following ways:

i. Creation of democratic personality or Development of personality:

For self expression and for the full development of human personality, education should develop literacy, artistic and cultural interests of the students. For this purpose subjects like- art, craft, music, dancing, etc. should be included in the scheme of studies.

ii. Education for leadership:

In order to make democracy function successful, it is essential to inculcate the qualities of leadership in our youth. Education should train the youth to provide leadership in the social, political, industrial and cultural fields.

iii. Developing national and international outlook:

The purpose of this aim of education is to make the citizens practise the values of democracy, love for our nation and have feeling of universal brotherhood and international understanding.

iv. Equalization of educational opportunity:

The true democratic education demands that education should be the birthright of every individual. So, equal educational opportunities should be provided to all members of the society.

v. Improvement of Vocational Efficiency:

In order to achieve this aim, education should be much greater emphasis on crafts and productive work introduced diversification of courses at the secondary stage like-agriculture, technical, commercial or other practical courses.

33. Make distinguish between Individual and social aim of Education.

Ans: The distinguish or difference between Individual and social aim of education are mentioned below:

i. Individual aim of education is based on philosophy of naturalism . On the other hand, Social aim of education is based on philosophy of pragmatism.

ii. Individual aim which gives importance on biological heredity of man, While social aim of education gives importance on social heredity of man.

iii. The aim of individual education is to development of man’s biological potential, Where as, the social aim of education is to attainment of social efficiency of man.

iv. This aim gives full freedom to the individuals for development, but The aim of social education gives full freedom and power to the state.

Related Post Just Click Here : Chapter-2 Stages of Human Development.

Class-11 | Education | Notes

Chapter-1 Concept and Aims of Education.

Chapter-2 Stages of Human Development.

Chapter-3 School and Its Organisation.

Chapter-4 (A) Psychology and Education.

Chapter-4 (B) Educational psychology and Its Significance.

Chapter-5 Physical Basis of Mental Life.

Chapter-6 Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour.

Chapter-7 Primary Education in India and Assam.

Class-11 | Education | Question Paper |

2023-2024

2020-2022

2018-2019

2016-2017

Calendar of Content List:

December 2023
M	T	W	T	F	S	S
	1	2	3
4	5	6	7	8	9	10
11	12	13	14	15	16	17
18	19	20	21	22	23	24
25	26	27	28	29	30	31

Philosophical Foundation of Education| Chapter-1| Notes| KKHSOU

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KKHSOU Notes

Philosophical Foundation of Education

Chapter-1

Philosophy and Education

1. What is Philosophy?

Ans: Philosophy is the study or creation of theories which seeks to understand the mysteries of existence and reality. It tries to discourse the nature of the truth and knowledge and to find what is of basic value and importance in life. It also examines the relationship between humanity and nature and between individual and society. Thus, we can say that philosophy is a form of inquiry – a process of analysis, criticism, interpretation, and speculation.

2. Write about the meaning of the term of ‘Philosophy’.

Ans: The term ‘Philosophy’ comes from a combination of two Greek words – ‘’philos” meaning ’love of’ and “sophi” meaning ‘wisdom’. Etymologically, philosophy means ‘love of wisdom’.

3. Give one definition of Philosophy.

Ans: Different philosopher has given different definition of philosophy. Some of philosopher’s definition are mentioned below:

(i) According to Aristotle, “Philosophy is the science which investigate the nature of being, as it is in itself.”

(ii) According to Cicero and Marcus Tullius, “Philosophy is the mother of all arts and the true medicine of mind.”

(iii) According to Dr. Rahdakrishnan, ”Philosophy is a logical enquiry into the nature of reality.”

4. State the basic characteristics of Philosophy.

Ans: The four basic characteristics of Philosophy are mentioned below:

i. Philosophy is a search for truth and reality.

ii. Philosophy is the art of thinking rationally and systematically of the reality as a whole of the universe.

iii. Philosophy is study of general principles and understanding of all that comes in the range of human experience.

iv. Philosophy is the study of metaphysics beyond one physical and its relation with the physical world.

5. Briefly explain about the branches of Philosophy.

Ans: The branches of philosophy are most commonly taken to be logic, ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, and aesthetic. Here is a brief sketch of each:

1. Logic:

Logic is the method of reasoning and argumentation which is concerned with providing sound methods for distinguishing good from bad reasoning. It enquiries into various kinds of proof or evidence and the condition of their validity and also investigates the nature and validity of various kinds of inference, deduction and induction.

The term ’logic’ is derived from the Greek word ‘logos’ which has a variety of meaning like- thought, idea, argument, account, reason, or principle.

The are basically two kinds of logic. These are namely:

(a) Deductive logic:

It is concerned with determining when an argument is valid. For example: conclusive inference.

(b) Inductive logic:

It is concerned with the correctness of inferences for which the evidence is not conclusive. For example: probable inference.

2. Ethics:

Ethics is also often called ‘moral philosophy’ which take up the meaning of our moral concepts such as- right action, obligation, and justice and formulates principles to guide moral decisions, whether in private or public life.

The word “ethics” is derived from the Greek word ‘’ethos’’ which means ‘custom or character’.

There are three areas of ethical theories:

(a) Meta ethics:

It deals with the nature of moral judgement.

(b) Normative ethics:

It is concerned with the content of moral judgements and the criteria for what is right or wrong.

(c) Applied ethics:

It studies to looks at controversial topics like war, animal rights and capital punishment.

Ethics also has the following major sub-fields:

Political philosophy.
Social philosophy.
Philosophy of law.
Medical ethics.
Business ethics.

3. Epistemology:

Epistemology is that branch of philosophy which deals with the nature, origin or sources, types, structure, scope, methods, and validity of knowledge. It encompasses the nature of concepts, the constructing of the concepts, the validity of the senses, logical reasoning, as well as thoughts ideas, memories, emotions, and all mental things. It also analyses the nature of knowledge and how it relates to similar notions such as truth, belief, and justification.

4. Metaphysics:

Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy which is concerned with the nature of reality, of what exists in the world such as- substance, identity, the nature of mind, and freewill. It encompasses everything that exists, as well as the nature of existence itself.

Traditionally, the word “Metaphysics” comes from ‘Greece’ in a two combination words ‘meta’ meaning ‘over’ and physics meaning ‘beyond’. Thus, the combination means over and beyond physics.

There are two kinds of metaphysic. These are:

(a) General metaphysics (universal):

It studies the ultimate reality like- categories, universals, attributes etc.

(b) Special metaphysics:

It studies seriously one particular subject like- philosophy of mind and psychology, personal identity, ad aesthetics.

Again, Aristotle originally split his metaphysics into three main sections which are mentioned below:

i. Ontology:

It studies of being and existence, including the definition and classification of entities, physical or mental, the nature of properties and the nature of change.

ii. Natural Theology:

It studies of God, including the nature of religion and the world, existence of the divine, questions about the creation, and the various other religions or spiritual issues.

iii. Universal science:

It studies first principles of logic and reasoning such as the law of non-contradiction.

5. Aesthetics:

Aesthetics branch of philosophy deals with the nature of art, including the performing arts and painting, sculpture, and literature. The word “aesthetics” is derived from the Greek word ‘aisthetikos’ meaning ‘of sense perception’.

6. Explain the relationship between Science and Philosophy.

Ans: Yes, both science and philosophy are interrelated and interconnected which has endured for thousands of years particularly in the work of Galileo, Descartes, Kepler, Newton, Einstein among others. So, some point of the relation between science and philosophy can be stated in the following below:

i. Both science and philosophy are engaged in the search of truth.

ii. Philosophy examines scientific method.

iii. Philosophy guides future courses of scientific process.

iv. At the same time, scientific research influences philosophical progress.

v. Philosophy integrates science and examines scientific assumption.

vi. Philosophy provides a constructive criticism of sciences.

So, to conclude we can say that both science and philosophy grew out of the reflective thinking and are promoted by an impartial love of truth.

7. Make differentiate between science and philosophy.

Ans: The major difference between philosophy and science can be stated below:

i. Philosophy is best linked to the human heart. On the other hand, Science is to the human mind.

ii. Philosophy uses questioning and a series of analyses through logical arguments and dialectics. Where as, Science is more concerned with empirical evidence and testable hypotheses.

iii. Science bases its explanation from experimentation and observation. But, Philosophy bases its explanation on argument of principles.

iv. Philosophy and science both are engaged in different activities and differ from in their method, scope, problem, conclusion etc.

7. Discuss the relationship between Philosophy and Education.

Ans: Yes, it is true that both philosophy and education are closely interrelated which are enumerated in the following below:

i. Education and philosophy are dynamic because both are deal with human being and their life.

iii. Philosophy sets the goal and create a good life for the individual whereas education finds out the solution by which the goal of a human being can be fulfilled.

iii. Philosophy determines the goal of life which is consciously adopted by education.

iv. Philosophy determines the various aspects of education.

v. Philosophy represents a system of thought whereas education embraces that thought in the content of instruction.

vi. Philosophy is wisdom and education transmit that wisdom from one generation to the other.

vii. Philosophy embodies a way of life whereas education prepares a life of an individual.

viii. James Ross said, “Education is the dynamic sides of philosophy.”

ix. John Adams rightly said, “Education is the dynamic side of philosophy. It is the active aspect of philosophical belief.”

x. John Dewey said, “Philosophy is the theory of education in its most general phases.”

xi. Percy Nunn view, “Education aims are correlative to ideals of life.”

xii. Spencer’s view, “True education is practicable to true philosophers.”

xiii. Fichte’s view, “The art of education will never attain complete clearness without philosophy.”

xiv. Gentile view, “Education without philosophy would mean a failure to understand the precise nature of education.”

So therefore, we can say that both education and philosophy are closely related and both are called the sides of the same coin.

9. What do you mean by Educational Philosophy?

Ans: Educational philosophy is nothing but it is the practical application of philosophical principles in the educational field which direct the various aspects of education towards the aim of human life. It is also a branch of general philosophy which comprises of the principles, ideals, and theories of life of particular people, at a particular time, in a particular society or country and it puts them in to practice in the field of education. In short, we can say that educational philosophy relates philosophy of life through the medium of education.

10. Explain the functions of Educational Philosophy.

Ans: The functions of educational philosophy are generally associated with aims of education, the programme of education, examination and evaluation of educational organization, methods, contents, measurement and so on to identify and explain the true nature of man, as the principle of object of education which are briefly discussed under the below:

i. Determining the aspects of education:

Educational philosophy determines various aspects of education which are briefly explain here in the following ways:

(a) Aim of Education:

Different educational philosophers have suggested vast and varied aims and objectives of educational process. These includes physical, mental, social, emotional, spiritual, moral, ethical, cultural, academic, lingual, and pragmatic for the development of human personality.

(b) Curriculum:

With the help of educational philosophy, Curriculum designer can construct curriculum according to the need, interest, and ability of the child.

(c) Method of teaching:

With the help of educational philosophy, we can able to choose suitable methods of teaching according to the nature of the subject and school environment to make classroom teaching more effective and attractive.

(d) Discipline:

Knowledge of educational philosophy determine the nature of form to follow a desirable discipline.

(e) Teacher and students:

Educational philosophy determines the role and quality of teacher as well as student in the school and relationship with each other in a diversified society.

(f) Administration:

Knowledge of education philosophy also determines to established in democratic or totalitarian system of administration in the field of educational institutions.

ii. Harmonizing old and new traditions in the field of education:

This function emphasise that old traditions are replaced by the new traditions. But this process of replacement is not always smooth because of certain orthodox in the society. So therefore, there is a need of coordinating in order to maintain harmony between both and this function can be performed with the help of study of education philosophy.

iii. Providing the educational planners, administrators, and educators to achieve educational development:

This function of educational philosophy indicates that a true philosopher can give a practical shape of education which guides to the educational planners, administrators, and educators with the right vision to attain the educational goals efficiently.

iv. Preparing the young generation to face the challenges of the modern time:

As we know that our present society is not static. It changes the value, tradition, custom, culture etc from time to time. So that educational philosophy helps

to understand the relationship between the goals and complexities of society to develop critical attitude towards the individual’s life in diverse society to face challenges of the modern time.

On the other hand, According to Brubacher, there are mainly three functions of educational philosophy which are briefly explain below:

(a) Speculative function:

Speculative function of educational philosophy leads the educator and the administrator from common sense approach to rational and perspective approach. It also helps to guides the teacher by giving him an overall view of the whole thing in terms of facts, data, information, etc. to make assessment of everything.

(b) Normative function:

Normative function of educational philosophy refers to set of norms, goals, principles, standards etc. If we applying these norms, then it is possible to decide a right decision. But in the absence of these norms, the teacher or the administrator or the controlling authorities fail to make the right decision.

(c) Critical function:

Critical function of educational philosophy examines the contents, methodology in the sphere of education and refines to it make fully suitable.

KKHSOU | M.A 1st Sem | Education | Notes

Chapter-1 Philosophy and Education

Class-12| Chapter-7| Statistics and application in Education| Notes

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Class-12

Subject: Education

Chapter-7 Statistics and Application in Education

Important Questions Answer

1. What is Statistics?

Ans: Statistics is a process of scientific method that deals with description of data in the form of numerical value which helps for collection, tabulation, classification, analysis and interpretation of data related top p[re determined purpose is called Statistics.

2. Explain the meaning of the term ‘Statistics’.

Ans: The term ‘Statistics’ have been derived from ‘Latin’ word ‘Status’, Greek word ‘Statistique’, Italian word ‘Statista’, and German word ‘Statistic’. So that meaning of these word is ‘Political state’ or ‘a government’.

3. Discuss the needs and importance of statistics in education and psychology.

Ans: Statistics is very important in education and psychology which are discussed in the following bellows:

i. For Construction of Psycholigical Test:

Statistical methods helps in the construction of various psychological test like- achievement test, intelligence test, aptitude test, interest inventories, attitudes etc.

ii. For presentation score:

It helps us in proper and systematic presentation of the scores obtained from various educational and psychological cal tests and measure.

iii. To make prediction:

It helps the teacher to render guidance to the students to make prediction regarding their future progress.

iv. To know individual difference:

Statistics also helps to know individual difference of the students in terms of their academic performance.

v. To keep various types of Record:

It provides the teachers to keep various records of his students as well as of the school record.

vi. To make selection, classification and promotion:

Statistics also helps the teachers to make selection, classification and promotion of the students.

4. What are the different methods of Statistics?

Ans: There are some methods of statistics to study and evaluate data collected from various sources:

(a) Frequency distribution.

(b) Measures of central tendency.

(d) Graphical representation.

5. What do you mean by Frequency distribution? What steps you will follow do construct a frequency distribution table?

Ans: The scores of data which are tabulated in a frequency table is known as frequency distribution or frequency distribution table. For constructing a frequency distribution table the following steps are essentials:

i. Determination of Range:

Firstly, We should find out the range of raw scores. Range refers to the difference between the highest and the lowest scores.

ii. Class-Interval:

After finding the range, Secondly we should determined the class-interval. The class-interval depends upon the range and the number of interval required according to the range of the scores.

iii. Midpoint of the class-interval:

The midpoint of interval is the logical choice that the scores are represented with in a given class-interval by some single value.

iv. Tallies:

After determining the class-interval, we should make tallies. A tally represent a scores that lies in anyone particular class-interval.

v. Frequencies:

After making the tallies, In final steps, we should given the number of frequencies. The total number of frequencies is the same as the total number of scores. We represent by ‘N’ the total number of frequencies.

N.B- Without mid point of the class-interval, frequency distribution table we can put. But giving mid point of the class-interval is better for other purpose.

6. Tabulate the following 50 scores into frequency distribution using an interval of 5.

75, 62, 37, 48, 63, 62, 87, 62, 65, 81
71, 67, 46, 61, 38, 55, 68, 52, 55, 62
41, 60, 58, 83, 48, 57, 65, 60, 74, 51
51, 61, 77, 70, 77, 78, 32, 63, 35, 63
56, 73, 71, 69, 60, 74, 46, 68, 43, 64.

Solution:

Highest Score= 87

Lowest score= 32

Range= 87-32=55

Class-

Interval –Midpoint- Tallies–frequency

85 – 89 87 I 1

80 – 84 82 II 2

75 – 79 77 IIII 4

70 – 74 72 ~~IIII~~ I 6

65 – 69 67 ~~IIII~~ I 6

60 – 64 62 ~~IIII~~ ~~IIII~~ III 13

55 – 59 57 IIII 5

50 – 54 52 III 3

45 – 49 47 IIII 4

40 – 44 42 II 2

35 – 39 37 III 3

30 – 34 32 I 1

N= 50

7. What is Measures of central tendency? Write two uses of measures of central tendency.

Ans: Measure of Central Tendency is the central value of a set of data which is defined as “the statistical measure that identifies a single as representative of an entire distribution.”

The two uses of measure of central tendency are mention below:

(a) It is an average which represents all of the scores made by the group as a whole.

(b) It enables to compare two or more groups in terms of typical performance.

8. What are the types of measures of central tendency?

Ans: There are commonly three types of measures of central tendency. These are:

(a) Arithmetic Mean.

(b) Median

9. What is Mean or Arithmetic Mean? Write three uses or merits of Mean as a measure of central tendency.

Ans: The scores are added and their sum is then divided by the number of the item is called Mean. It is defined as ‘the average of a set of number which reflects the central tendency of the position of the numbers.’

The two uses of Mean as a measure of central tendency are:

(a) The mean can be used to know average idea or picture of a set of data.

(b) It is used to comparing two or more groups or frequency distribution in terms of typical or characteristics performance.

10. What is Median?

Ans: The median is the value in the middle of a data set that lie 50% of the case when the data are arranged in ascending or descending order which is called Median.

11. Mention three advantages or merits of Median as a measure of central tendency.

Ans: The three advantages or merits of Median as a measure of central tendency are mentioned below:

(a) Median is very easy to calculate and also simple to understand as a measure of central tendency.

(b) It is not affected by the extreme values between the largest and the smallest values because it is a positional average which is not dependent on magnitude.

(c) It’s value can be represented graphically with the help of ogive curves. But it is not possible in case of an arithmetic mean.

12. Write two disadvantages or demerits of Median as a measure of central tendency.

Ans: The two disadvantages or demerits of Median as a measure of central tendency.

(a) In ungrouped data, the arranging scores of the data in ascending or descending order of magnitude is time consuming in case of a large number of observations.

(b) It is a positional average which does not consider the magnitude of all the items.

13. What is Mode ?

Ans: The number of scores that occurs in the list several times which is known as Mode.

The formula of Mode is –

Mode= 3 Median – 2 Mean

14. Write two uses of Mode.

Ans: The two uses of mode are mentioned below:

(i) Mode is used where quick and appropriately measure of central tendency is desired.

(ii) Mode is used when we need to know the most often recurring score or value of the item in a series.

(iii) We complete mode when we have a graphical representation of the distribution.

15. What do you mean by Measure of Variability?

Ans: The extended data which cases tend to gather round the central tendency and to which they disperse themselves in a data set or statistical distribution is called Measures of Variability or Variation.

16. What are the different methods of Measures of Variability?

Ans: There are mainly four methods of measures of variability which are mentioned below:

(i) Range

(ii) Quartile Deviation

(iii) Mean Deviation or Average deviation

(iv) Standard Deviation

17. What is Range?

Ans: The difference between the highest and the lowest scores in a series is called Range.

18. Write two uses of Range.

Ans: The two uses of Range are:

(a) When rough and quick comparison is needed then we can use range as a measure of variability.

(b) When knowledge of extreme scores is all that is wanted then we can use range as a measure of variability.

19. Write the formula of Range in ungrouped data.

Ans: (Highest score – lowest score).

20. Write two difference between polygon and histogram.

Ans: The two difference between polygon and histogram are:

(i) The frequency polygon is a line graph of the given frequency distribution whereas, Histogram is essentially the bar graph of this distribution.

(ii) In the frequency polygon, all of the scores within given interval are represented by the midpoint of the interval. But in a histogram the scores are spread uniformly over the entire interval.

(iii) Frequency polygon gives a much better conception to know the trend of the distribution, But a Histogram is unable to tell such a thing.

Related Post Just Click Here : Chapter-1 Development of Secondary Education in India and Assam.

Class-12 | Education | Notes |

Chapter-1 Development of Secondary Education in India and Assam.

Chapter-2 Non-formal Education.

Chapter-3 Current Trends in Education

Chapter-4 Learning.

Chapter-5 (A) Memory and Forgetting.

Chapter-5 (B) Attention and Interest.

Chapter-6 Mental Health and Hygiene.

Chapter-7 Statistics and its application in Education.

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Class-12| Chapter-5(B)| Attention and Interest| Education| Notes

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Class-12 | Chapter-5 (B) | Attention and Interest | Education | Notes |

Important Questions Answer

1. What is Attention?

Ans: Attention is an act of focusing or concentrating our consciousness on a particular object or idea of the environment.

2. Give any one definition of Attention.

Ans: (i) According to James Ross, “Attention is a process of getting an object of thought clearly before the mind.”

(ii) According to W.R Ryburn, “Attention is an activity of the personality and into it enter feeling and will as well as the fundamental activity we call cognition.”

3. Mention four salient features or characteristics of Attention.

Ans: The four salient features or characteristics of Attention are mentioned below:

i. Attention is not a mental power, but a mental activity.

ii. Attention is not paid to each and everything that stimulate our sense organs.

iii. Attention is dynamic.

iv. Attention is selective.

4. What are the two types of Attention?

Ans: The two types of Attention are:

(a) Voluntary or Volitional attention.

(b) Involuntary or Non-voluntary attention.

5. What are the two types of Voluntary or Volitional attention?

Ans: The two types of Voluntary or Volitional attention are:

(a) Explicit voluntary attention.

(b) Implicit voluntary attention.

6. What are the two types of Involuntary or Non-voluntary attention?

Ans: The two types of Involuntary or Non-voluntary attention are:

(a) Enforced involuntary attention.

(b) Spontaneous involuntary attention.

7. What is Voluntary or Volitional attention?

Ans: When an individual is physically and mentally ready to pay attention and he does it out of his own will, is called Voluntary or Volitional attention. For example: A student with strong will to shine in life will pay attention to his studies in spite of poverty.

8. What is Explicit voluntary attention?

Ans: The attention which is paid due to the attractive capacity of the stimulus created by external factors is known as Explicit voluntary attention. For example: New fashion dress in market.

9. What is Implicit voluntary attention?

Ans: The attention which comes from within towards that object and not created by external factors is called Implicit voluntary attention. For example: A high level of intelligence person.

10. What is Non voluntary or involuntary attention?

Ans: When an individual one’s not mentally ready to pay attention by one’s interest or will but his mind is drawn towards that stimulus is called Non voluntary or involuntary attention. For example: A blowing horn, a very bright light etc.

11. What is Ideational attention?

Ans: When attention is dependent of an individuals personal thoughts, ideas, imagination etc. is called as ideational attention. For example: when an individual become mentally engrossed in something and may even become unconcerned of what is going around him, it is due to ideational attention.

12. What is Sensory attention?

Ans: When attention is paid due to stimulation of the sense organs is called sensory attention. For example: A blowing horn, a bright light, etc.

13. What is analytic attention?

Ans: While paying attention in every aspects of the object or an idea which is observed minutely then it is called analytic attention.

14. What is Synthetic attention?

Ans: When one pay’s attention to a picture as a whole instead of looking separately to its components then, it is called synthetic attention.

15. What is Immediate attention?

Ans: If the object or the stimulant of the environment is very strong and attractive which can draws one’s attention immediately then, it is called immediate attention. For example: Specialty in size, novelty, etc.

16. What is Derived attention?

Ans: If something is very important and very attractive and is connected with the object then we pay attention due to that factor then, it is termed as derived attention. For example: The date of 15th August because it is connected with our independence.

17. What are the two different group of factors that determinants of attention?

Ans: There are certain factors which produce and control attention in a person. These factors are known as determinants or conditions of attention. Conditions or determinants of attention are divided into two groups which are mentioned below:

(a) Objective or external conditions.

(b) Subjective or internal conditions.

18. Describe about objective or external factors of conditions that determinants of attention.

Ans: Objective or external conditions of attention are those characteristics which are found in the objects or stimuli and it can help easily to draw our attention. So that some of important objective or external conditions of attention are briefly explain in the following below:

i. Intensity:

Attention is directly proportional to the intensity of the stimulus. For an example: A loud noise, a sparking light and deep colours which attracts our attention at once.

ii. Size:

The size is influenced to give attention on a particular objects or stimulus. For an example: A tall building, an elephant, etc.

iii. Novelty:

Newness of the object is of universal appeal to all people which attract our attention. For an example: New fashions dress at market,, New mobile phone, etc.

iv. Contrast:

A contrasting situation means contrasting colours, contrasting size etc. can attract our attention. For an example: A tall and a short person walking together attract our attention.

v. Situation:

Situation or location of an object can also attract positively as a factor to draw our attention. For an example: Important news is published on news paper.

19. Describe about Subjective or internal conditions factors of conditions that determinants of attention.

Ans: Subjective or internal conditions of attention are inherent and also some are acquired factors. Some of subjective conditions of attention are briefly explain below:

i. Instincts:

Instincts are inborn tendencies and a typical kind of behaviour that urge the organism to attend in a certain type of object which is natural and instinctive. For example: Hunger which makes one attend to food.

ii. Emotion:

Emotions also a kind of typical behaviour which influence to attend the object in a certain situations. For example: The emotion of fear all our attention will be fixed at the object of fear.

iii. Sentiments:

Our sentiments also impels us to pay attention to the objects. For example: Mother attend to every aspect of her child out of sentiments.

iv. Habit:

Habitual action which also pay attention to certain things but not to others. For example: A pick-pocketers always has an eye on pocket.

20. What is Interest?

Ans: Interest is regarded as the most important internal condition that inspires an individual to pay attention.

21. From where the term ‘Interest’ was originated?

Ans: The term ‘interest’ was originated from ‘Latin’ word which means ‘It matter or ‘it concern’.

22. Mention four characteristics of Interest.

Ans: The four characteristics of Interest are mentioned below:

i. Interest is a inherent condition of attention.

ii. Interest may be innate or acquired.

iii. Interest may be long lasting as well as temporary.

iv. Interest is innate state of mind which inspires one act from within.

23. Mention two sources or factors that influence the interest of an individual.

Ans: The sources or factors that influence the interest of an individual are mentioned below:

(a) Age.

(b) Intelligence.

24. What are the two types of interest?

Ans: The two types of interest are:

(a) Innate and acquired interest.

(b) Permanent and transitory interest.

25. Write short note on Innate and acquired interest:

Ans: The interest which arising from natural tendencies like- instincts and emotions are called Innate interest. This kind of interest inborn and on conscious process is involved with it. This type of interest is also known as instinctive interest. For example: Mother’s love in her child, an adolescents interest on opposite sex etc are example of innate interest.

On the other hand, The interest which originated due to acquired disposition like- sentiments, habits, character, ideals and tastes are called acquired interest. An acquired interest is the interest which is deliberately by a person. For example: Interest of a musician towards music may be cited here as example of acquired interest.

26. Write short note on Permanent and transitory interest:

Ans: Permanent interest are those interest which may be formed out of learning and experiences. These are deep-rooted interest and may be short lived. For example: Interest of a scholar towards his specialized subject, or interest of a business man towards his profession are example of permanent interest.

On the other hand, Transitory interest or temporary interest are those interest which are only a short time interest. This type of interest is motivated by some temporary force at a particular point of time and it is situational nature. For example: Our interest in the morning newspaper is an example of transitory interest.

27. Supposing yourself as a primary school teacher, What steps will you take to develop attention and interest in children.

Or

Discuss how do a teacher can develop attention and interest of students in classroom activities?

Or

Discuss the role of teacher to make children interested in the classroom activity.

Ans: A teacher may keep the following few points in mind to develop and sustain students attention and interest in learning:

i. Setting the proper aims and objectives:

Before teaching and learning, Teacher should be clearly defined the aims and objectives of teaching a particular lesson and the students also should be made to set definite goals and purposes.

ii. Proper selection and organisation of learning experiences:

The teacher should select and organise the content to be taught in a suitable way by keeping in view all the psychological principles.

iii. Use appropriate methods and teaching aids:

The teacher should adopt efficient and effective methods of teaching for the delivery of his lesson and use suitable audio-visual aids.

iv. Make proper use of sentiments and ideas:

Sentiments and ideals also control and direct children’s interest. Therefore, they should be harnessed for creating and maintaining interest.

v. Arranging proper learning situations or environment:

Like the classroom furniture, sealing arrangement, lighting and ventilation, the scheduled time-table for learning in a particular subjects etc. should be properly considered while making attempt for arousing and maintaining interest of the pupils in a learning activity.

28. “Attention and interest are two sides of the same coin” - Explain

Or

Discuss the relation between attention and interest.

Ans: In view of the close relation between attention and interest different psychologist have given different point of view:

Mc. Dougal in his book ‘An outline of psychology’ stated that “Interest is latent attention and attention is interest in action.” He said that long attention remains hidden in our mind, that state may be called interest. The same latent or hidden interest when becomes active, it is called attention. Thus according to Mc. Dougal attention and interest are very closely associated.

Again J.S Ross in his book ‘Groundwork of Educational Psychology ’ stated attention and interest are like ‘two sides of the same coin.’ As interest creates attention and also attention when put voluntary can develop interest.

On the hand educational pint of view, attention and interest are regarded as both ‘means and ends’ in education because academic achievement of students primarily depends upon these two factors. Which motivates once to learn something. Hence it may be called ‘means; in education.

Again modern educationists are of the opinion that a teacher primarily duty is to develop attention and interest in students and interest in students for self learning so that may called ‘ends’ in education.

So therefore, from the point of view of different psychologist and educationalists we can say that both attention and interest are both related each other and also can say that both are the two sides of the same coin.

Related Post Just Click Here : Chapter-6 Mental Health and Hygiene.

Class-12 | Education | Notes|

Chapter-1 Development of Secondary Education in India and Assam.

Chapter-2 Non-Formal Education

Chapter-3 Current Trends in Education

Chapter-4 Learning

Chapter-5(A) Memory and Forgetting

Chapter-5(B) Attention and Interest

Chapter-6 Mental Health and Hygiene

Chapter-7 Statistics and it's application in Education

Class-12 | Education | Question Papers |

2023-2024

2020-2022

2018-2019

2016-2017

2014-2015

Class-12 | Chapter-6 | Mental Health and Hygiene | Education Subject | Notes

Class-12| Chapter-6| Mental Health and Hygiene | Education |Notes

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Class-12

Subject- Education

Chapter-6 Mental Health and Hygiene

Mental Health and Hygiene

Important Questions Answer

1. Defining the meaning of Mental health and Hygiene.

Ans: The term ‘mental’ which means having to do with the mind. Where as the term ‘health’ means the state of being free from illness. Thus, the combination word ‘mental health’ very simply means the state of being mentally free from illness or injury. But in other words, it means illness free mental condition of an individual.

On the other hand, The term ‘mental hygiene’ which has vary close connection with ‘mental health’. Here, the term ‘Hygiene’ means the practice of keeping oneself and one’s surrounding clean in order to prevent illness or disease. Therefor, the combination word ‘mental hygiene’ is a science that attempt to develop and apply principles and techniques for the preservation and promotion of mental heath as well as for the prevention and treatment of mental disorder, disease and other abnormalities, leading to an adequate adjustment and balanced development of one’s personality.

2. Definition of Mental Hygiene

(a) Who said, “ Mental hygiene is a science that deals with the human welfare and pervades all fields of human relationship.”

Ans: According to Crow and Crow.

(b) Who define, “Mental hygiene is concerned with the maintenance of mental health and the prevention of mental disorders.”

Ans: According to Hadfield.

(c) Who said, “ Mental hygiene consists of measures to reduce the incidence of mental illness through prevention and early treatment and to promote mental health.”

Ans: According to Coville.

3. What does mental hygiene study?

Ans: Mental hygiene helps us to study all the major issues concerning to the progress of peaceful life which are mentioned below:

i. It studies the causes of mental illness.

ii. It studies the means of prevention of such illness to know and apply practically the preventive measures.

iii. It studies to know the act of leading healthy life.

iv. It studies to realize the importance of the values and follow to lead a better balanced life.

4. Mention four objectives or purpose of Mental hygiene.

Ans: The four objectives or purpose are mentioned in the following ways:

i. To develop healthy human relationship and group interaction between personality development and life experiences.

ii. To prevention and improvement of the mental health of the individual and the group.

iii. To achieving personal and social security as well as adequacy.

iv. To furnish necessary knowledge regarding types of mental illness, disorders and diseases.

v. To discover and utilization of therapeutic measures to cure mental illness.

5. Mention four aims of Mental hygiene.

Ans: The four aims of Mental hygiene are mentioned below:

i. It aims at developing personality to adjust properly with the environment.

ii. It aims at preventing mental defects of an individual to develop a balanced and harmonious personality.

iii. It aims at treating all the personality disorders which may cause mental problems and illness.

iv. It aims at preserving mental health.

6. What are the main functions of Mental hygiene? Briefly explain.

Ans: The main functions of mental hygiene is divided into three categories which are briefly explain in the following ways:

(1) Preventive Function:

Preventive function of mental hygiene refers to understand the causes and ways and means of preventive measures to overcome the problems concerning to mental illness, personality disorders and adjustment process of the human child. For example: problems like- insecurity, unlawfulness, ignorance, sickness, etc. So that such measures should be taken in the following ways:

(a) Proper nurturance.

(b) Pre-education for the adolescents.

(d) Vocational adjustment.

(e) Training for proper style of living.

(2) Curative Function:

Curative functions of mental hygiene emphasis not only helps to know the problems of mental illness, problems of personality disorder and the adjustment problems of the human individual but also emphasis to know the techniques of treatment to get relief from the problems. It aims at curing disease or providing recovery from injury or illness. For example: Antibiotic for bacterial infections.

3. Preservative Function:

The preservative function of mental hygiene refers to know the importance of mental health and the measures, techniques, procedures that are to be followed for its preservation. This function specially concerned with the welfare of human life and society as well.

7. Who is mentally healthy individual?

Ans: A mentally healthy individuals are those individuals who have:

(a) Physically healthy.

(b) Psychologically strong.

(c) Emotional stable.

8. Mention two social qualities of a mentally healthy person.

Ans: The two social qualities of a mentally healthy person who have certain qualities like:

(a) Socially well adjustment.

(b) Very confident in decision making.

9. Write any three characteristics of a mentally healthy individual.

Ans: Mentally healthy individual have some specific characteristics. So that the three characteristics a mentally healthy individual are mentioned below:

i. Mentally healthy individual have strong personality.

ii. Mentally healthy individual are emotionally stable.

iii. Mentally healthy individual have no any major adjustment problems.

iv. They are physically healthy people.

v. They are free from mentally illness.

vi. They are strong motivational power.

10. Explain the role of family in promoting proper mental health of children.

Ans: As we know that the family, as the first institution which plays an important role in the process of maintaining and promoting the mental health of children. Some of the role of family in promoting proper mental health of children are given below:

i. Home environment should be free from all types of anxiety and tensions.

ii. Physiological and psychological needs of children should be fulfilled in order to avoid any feeling of frustration or tension in them.

iii. Over protection should be avoided.

iv. Individual difference should be considered without comparing one another.

v. Parents should inculcate moral values as their children to imitate them.

So to conclude we can say that all activities at home environment should be well planned and practical for developing proper mental health and hygiene of children to make them controlling members of the society.

11. Explain the role of School in promoting proper mental health of children.

or

Mention any five roles school play for the prevention of mental illness.

Ans: For the prevention of mental illness and preservation and development of mental life and health the school plays important roles. Some of the role of school in promoting proper mental health of children are mentioned under the below:

i. The school helps to develop all the psycho-physical capabilities and qualities of the human child.

ii. It helps to develop all the qualities and capabilities of human personality.

iii. It helps to know the need of proper adjustment and its means.

iv. It helps to develop a better balanced personality.

v. It helps to realise of all the values to lead a peaceful life.

vi. It helps to make children emotionally strong.

vii. It helps to know the problems of mental life.

Therefore, to conclude, we can say that as a social institution the school plays various roles for the proper development of academic children as well social life of man which are mentioned above.

12. The term ‘Hygiene’ is a _______________ term. (Fill in the Blank).

Ans: Greek term.

13. Who is Hygeia?

Ans: Hygeia was the name of the Greek Goddess of health or healthy living.

14.The problem of ‘Mental Health’ were developed in _______________ . (Fill in the Blank).

Ans: In French.

15. Who said, “ Mental Health means absence of mental illness” ?

Ans: According to Hilgard, “ Mental Health means absence of mental illness”.

16. Who said, “ Mental illness is a disturbance of four body fluids" ?

Ans: According to Hippocrates, “ Mental illness is a disturbance of four body fluids.”

17. ‘Hygiene’ is an art of leading healthy life’. (True or False).

Ans: True.

18. Who was Hippocrates?

Ans: Hippocrates was a Greek physician.

19. Who was Aristotle?

Ans: Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and scholar.

20. Who is Galin?

Ans: Galin was a Greek physician.

Point to be Remember

The term ‘Hygiene’ was originated from Greek word which means Health.
Hygeia was the name of the Greek Goddess of health or healthy living.
Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and scholar.
Hippocrates was a Greek physician.
According to Hippocrates, “ Mental illness is a disturbance of four body fluids.”
Galin was a Greek physician.
The problem of ‘Mental Health’ were developed in French.
Mental health very simply means the state of being mentally free from illness or injury.
Hygiene is an art of leading health life.

Related Post Just Click Here : Chapter-7 Statistics and its application in Education.

Chapter-2

Stages of Human Development

Class-11

Notes

Growth and Development

1. What is Growth and Development?

2. Find out the difference between growth and development.

3. Mention four principles of development.

4. Write four characteristics of Development.

5. Mention two basic elements of development.

Archives

Infancy Stage

6. What is Infancy?

7. From where the term ‘Infancy’ was originated?

8. Mention four characteristics of Infancy.

9. What is Animism?

10. In which stage is known as ‘Questioning age’?

11. Why do infants frequently ask questions?

12. What is the name of the stage from birth to 5 years of age?

13. How many stages of development in human life?

14. Mention five psycho-physical needs of infancy.

15. Write briefly about the educational provision of infants.

Childhood Stage

16. What is Childhood?

17. Which stage is called the ‘schooling age’?

18. Why childhood is called the age of schooling?

19. Mention four characteristics of Childhood.

20. What is Gang Loyalty?

21. Write briefly about educational provision of Childhood.

Adolescence Stage

22. What is Adolescence?

23. From where the term ‘Adolescence’ is originated?

24. Who said, “Adolescence is a period of great stress and strain, storm and strife, storm and stress”?

25. Who described, “the state of adolescence as a recapitulation of the stage of infancy”?

26. Mention two characteristics of Adolescence.

27. Mention two psycho-physical needs of adolescence.

28. Mention four problems of adolescence stage.

29. What is Hetero-Sexuality?

30. Why Adolescence is called “a period of great stress and strain, storm and strife, storm and stress”? Explain briefly.

31. Write briefly about the educational provisions of adolescence.

32. Discuss the role of parents or home on child’s development.

or

Discuss briefly about the influence of home on child’s personality.

Related Post Just Click Here : Chapter-3 School and Its Organisation.

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Chapter-1

Concept and Aims of Education

Class-11

Notes

Important Questions Answer

1. What do you mean by Education?

2. Give any one definition of Education.

3. Briefly explain Etymological meaning of the term ‘Education’.

(a) EDUCARE:

(b) EDUCERE:

(c) EDUCATUM:

Point to be Remember

4. Write briefly about the concept of narrow and wider meaning of education.

5. Make distinguish between Narrow and Wider meaning of education.

Archives

6. Education is a ‘Bio-polar’ as well as ‘Tri-polar’ process. Explain briefly.

(a) Teacher.

(b) Students.

(a) Teacher.

(b) Student.

(c) Social or educational environment.

7. Write a short note on ‘Education as a life long process’.

8. Write short note on ‘Education as modification of human behaviour’.

9. Write short note on ‘Education as an instrument of social change.

10. Briefly explain the scope of Education.

1. Types of Education:

2. Aims of Education:

3. Relation with others discipline:

11. What do you mean by Formal Education? Give with example.

12. Enumerated the characteristics of Formal Education.