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Knowing Process | Sensation | Perception| Conception| Chapter-5

Knowing Process | Sensation | Perception| Conception| Chapter-5

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Knowing Process | Sensation | Perception| Conception| Chapter-5

Knowing Process

Sensation | Perception | Conception

Chapter-5

Important Questions Answer

Knowing process involves a series of mental functions like sensation, perception, conception and thought. Theses knowing processes of human mind involve a series of well organised psycho-physical functions that give a clear picture of our cognitive domain.

Sensation

1. What is Sensation?

Ans: Sensation is the simple and elementary form of consciousness or a physical awareness of the situation, which does not bear its clear meaning. It may said as the preliminary state of mind.

2. Give one definition of Sensation.

Ans: According to Warren Brown and Howard Gilhousen, “A sensation is an awareness of the bare quality of experience and rises directly from the stimulation of sense organ”.

3. What are the two conditions necessary for getting sensation?

Ans: The two conditions necessary for getting sensation are:

(a) Receptive ability of the sense organs to deprive impression out of the stimuli.

(b) Adequate stimulation of the external object.

4. What are the two sources of Sensation?

Ans: The two sources of sensation are:

(a) Internal. (Internal parts like stomas, intestines and muscles).

(b) External. ( like visual, auditory, tactual, olfactory and gustatory).

5. Can there be sensation without sense organs? Briefly explain.

Ans: Yes, there can be sensation without sense organs because there are two experiences of sensation. One is external and another is internal. External sensation react to external stimulation experiencing like visual, auditory, tactual, olfactory and gustatory senses. Internal sensation refers to internal parts of the body like stomach, intestines, and the muscles which do not have special experiences such as hunger, thirst, fatigue, head ache, etc.

So, it is evident that sense organs are not the only ways and means of getting sensation.

Archives

6. Write four characteristics of Sensation.

Ans: The four characteristics of sensation are mentioned below:

(i) Sensation is the simple physical experiences or bodily impression received from the environment.

(ii) Sensory experiences are fixed so far as the specific sense organs are concerned. One organ can not work for the other.

(iii) Sensation depends upon receptive capacity of the receptor cells and transmitting ability of the sensory and motor nerves of the organism.

(iv) Adequacy of sensation depends upon quality, intensely, duration, and clearness of the object in environment.

(v) Sensation is objective mental state, as it depends on stimulus.

(vi) Sensation is the simplest and the most elementary mental process.

7. What are types of Sensation? Explain briefly.

Ans: Accordingly sensation may be classified into three types namely,

(a) Organic Sensation:

It refers to the biological needs which bring about psychological changes in the internal part of the body of the organism. The sense of hunger, thirst, indigestion, vomiting, stomach pain, headache, suffocation, etc. are the organic sensation experienced. They do not have specific sense organ to be located. They effect the body in general.

(b) Special Sensation:

It refers to the specific five sense organs of the body. Their experiences of sensation are colour(vision), smell(olfactory), sound(auditory), taste(gustatory), and heat and pressure(tactual). Every kind of sensation is received by the specific sense organ out of the specific stimulus. Therefore, this kind sensation is also known as the gateways of knowledge.

(iii) Motor or Kinaesthetic Sensation:

This kind of sensation is experiences in the voluntary muscles, tendons and joints due to motor movement. Such experiences are contraction, pulling or pushing due to repeated physical activity which is known as motor sensation. This type of sensation is also quite vague that can not be clearly explained and distinctly localised on the body.

8. Write two educational significance of child’s sensation.

Ans: The educational significance of child’s sensation are mentioned below:

(a) In pre-school stage provision should be made for regular physical checkup of children in regard to their visual and auditory senses.

(b) Teacher should identify such children and offer necessary clinical help to them.

Perception

9. What is Perception?

Ans: Perception is the mental activity of giving meaning to our simple physical experiences of senses. In briefly, meaningful sensation is called perception. It indicates the active state of mind.

10. What are the basic nature and characteristics of Perception?

Ans: The basic nature and characteristics of Perception are mentioned below:

(i) Perception is the mental activity of giving meaning to our simple physical experiences of senses.

(ii) Perception depends upon past learning experiences and in keeping of their memory image or impression in mind.

(iii) Perception is liable to be incorrect and inadequate.

(iv) Perception may not always be objective, but be subjective depending on individual mental make up.

(v) Perception  is influenced by individual aims and objectives, hopes and aspirations in mind.

(vi) Perception depends upon mental maturity attained by the individual.

(vii) Perception is influenced by both subjectivity of individual mind and objectivity of the environmental situation.

(viii) It is a complex type of mental activity that comprises of assimilation, discrimination, association, objectification, and unification process.

11. Write two educational significance of child’s perception in the classroom.

Ans: The two educational significance of child’s perception in the classroom are:

(a) The teacher should co-relate knowledge of the present with the accumulated experiences of the past in his students in course of teaching.

(b) There in lies the validity and usability of giving instances and examples of the past in course of class-room teaching.

12. Mention four differences between Sensation and Perception.

Ans: The four differences between Sensation and Perception are mentioned below:

(i) Sensation is simplest mental state, whereas Perception is complex mental process.

(ii) Sensation is abstract, but Perception is concreate experiences.

(iii) Sensation is inactive or passive, but Perception is active state of mind.

(iv) Sensation gives raw materials, where as Perception is the product of knowledge.

(v) Sensation has no influence of past knowledge and experience, where as Perception grows out to them.

(vi) Sensation is objective, but Perception is objective as well as subjective both.

13. Write two basic relationship between Sensation and Perception.

Ans: The two basic relationship between Sensation and Perception are:

(a) Both sensation and perception are dependents on sensory stimulus.

(b) Both sensation and perception are external. It depends on external stimulus from the outer world.

Related Post Just Click Here : Chapter-6 Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour.
Class-11 | Education | Notes
Chapter-1 Concept and Aims of Education.
Chapter-2 Stages of Human Development.
Chapter-3 School and Its Organisation.
Chapter-4 (A) Psychology and Education.
Chapter-4 (B) Educational psychology and Its Significance.
Chapter-5 Physical Basis of Mental Life.
Chapter-6 Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour.
Chapter-7 Primary Education in India and Assam.
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Chapter-5 | Physical basis of Mental Life | Class-11 | Notes

Chapter-5 | Physical basis of Mental Life | Class-11 | Notes

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Chapter-5 | Physical basis of Mental Life | Class-11 | Notes

Chapter-5

Physical Basis of Mental Life

Class-11| Notes

Important Questions Answer

1. What is Physical basis of Mental life?

Ans: Physical basis of mental life refers to understand the relation between body and mind, concept of nervous system and about knowing process of sensation, perception and conception in this chapter. A good physical health indicates a good mind. Again mental happiness improves our physical health. It makes our digestive, respiratory, and circulatory system of functions. In this regard, Aristotle opinion that ‘education is nothing but creation of a sound mind in the sound mind’.

2. What are the three parts of the human body?

Ans: The three parts of the human body are:

(a) Nervous system.

(b) Effectors.

(c) Receptors.

3. What is Nervous System?

Ans: The most important part of the body from the stand point of mind is the nervous system that controls the working of the whole body.

4. How nervous structure is formed?

Ans: Nervous structure is formed by innumerable small number of units called the neurons. They are spread over all part of the body and perform a network service keeping physical connection with the central nervous system.

5. What is Neurons?

Ans: Neurons are the nerve cells having different size, shape and their complexity. In brief, the structural unit of the nervous system is the neuron.

6. What are the different parts or structure of Neurons. Explain briefly.

Ans: The neuron is constituted of its different parts. These are:

(a) Cell body.

(b) Nucleus.

(c) Axon

(d) End brush

(e) Dendrite.

(f) Synapse.

             The neurons are the nerve cells having different size, shape and their complexity. Each one of them is constituted of its cell body and the liquid part at its centre called nucleus. Out of the body of the neuron long fibre like part comes out to be known as axon. At the end part of axon there are a number of roots coming out, called the end brush. Again out of the cell body there are small roots coming out called the dendrites. The dendrites of one cell or neuron come in touch with the other neuron in sending the impulse is called the synapse. It is through this mechanism that the sense experience received by the body organs use to pass on the central nervous system.

7. What is Cells ?

Ans: The life of all living organisms whether it be a plant, animal or human being is made up smallest units in a human body, called Cells.

8.Why the cells are called the smallest unit of life ?

Ans: The life of all living beings is based on the working of the cells. That is why the cells are called the smallest unit of life.

9. What is Cytoplasm ?

Ans: All cells contain a fluid called cytoplasm.

Archives

10. What are the three types of Neurons ?

Ans: The three types of neurons are mentioned below:

(a) Sensory neuron:

It provides information through sense organs.  

(b) Motor-neurons:

It provides involuntary actions like- breathing, eye blinking etc. 

(c) Inter-neuron:

It provides messages from one neuron to another in the form of memories and thoughts.

11. What are the three types or parts of Nervous System ?

Ans: The three types or parts of nervous system are mentioned below:

(a) Autonomic nervous system.

(b) Peripheral nervous system.

(c) Central nervous system.

12. What are the two types of Autonomic Nervous System ?

Ans: The two types of autonomic nervous system are:

(a) Sympathetic.

(b) Para sympathetic.

13. What are the two types of Peripheral Nervous System ?

Ans: The two types of peripheral nervous system are:

(a) Somatic system or Cranial nerves: 

It makes connection of the sense organs and the muscles of the body with the brain. There are of 12 pairs of cranial nerves working for it.

(b) Automatic system or Spinal nerve: 

It is located on both sides of the spinal cord with a total of 31 pairs.

14. What are the two types of Central Nervous System ?

Ans: The two types of Central Nervous System are:

(a) Spinal Cord: 

It lies within the backbone.

(b) Brain: 

It is the centre of all forms of higher mental activities like- thought, intelligence, and emotional reactions.                              

15. What is Spinal Cord ?

Ans: Spinal Cord is the highway of the sensory and motor impulses that run to and from the brain and different parts of the body. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that run into the spinal cord.

16. Write two major components of Spinal Cord.

Ans: The two major components of spinal cord are:

(a) Grey matter:

It is located inside of the spinal cord.

(b) White matter:

It is located outside of the spinal cord.

17. Mention four functions of Spinal Cod.

Ans: The four functions of spinal cord are mention below:

(i) Spinal cord connects the brain with different parts of the body.

(ii) It works as a passage covering the sensory and motor impulses.

(iii) It directly controls and regulates the reflex actions like blinking of eye lids, sneezing, coughing and salivation.

(iv) It controls habitual and automatic activities like walking, running and knitting which do not require voluntary attention.

18. What is Brain ?

Ans: Brain is the most important part of the body of the central nervous system which forms higher mental activities like- thoughts, intelligence, and emotional reactions.

19. What are the different parts of the Brain ?

Ans: There are mainly three parts of the brain, namely:

(i) Cerebrum or fore brain.

(ii) Mid-brain.

(iii) Cerebellum or hind brain.

            Other parts of the brain are:

(a) Thalamus.

(b) Medulla oblongata.

(c) Pons variole.

(d) Cerebral cortex.

(e) Spinal cord.

(f) Pituitary gland.

(g) Corpus callosum.

Cerebrum or Fore Brain.

It is the larger part of the brain and is the seat of all forms of higher mental activity. It is divided into two halves called right and left hemisphere. Both right and left hemisphere of this brain are connected by a thick band of fibres which is called the corpus callosum brain. Again the brain of corpus callosum covered by a layer of grey matters with convolutions or twisting folds called cerebral cortex brain. The brain of cerebral cortex brain again subdivided into four loves or areas namely:

(a) Frontal lobe.

(b) Parietal lobe.

(c) Occipital lobe.

(d) Temporal lobe.

Again there are two fissures or narrow opening on the cerebral cortex brain namely:

(a) Fissure of Orlando.

(b) Fissure of Sylvius.       

Functions of Cerebrum or Fore Brain: 

Functions of the cerebrum or fore brain are highly complicated which may be stored out below:

(i) It controls and regulates all parts of the body and their psycho-physical activities.

(ii) It receives information from all the receptor organs and sends messages to them.

(iii) It controls all the voluntary muscular activities and behaviour of individual.

(iv) It acts as the centre of all forms of intellectual activities like- memory, thinking, reasoning and problem solving.

(v) Feeling and emotions experienced in different situations are also originated from this part of the brain.

(vi) Different sensory areas and the lobes function as unitary whole.

Mid-Brain:

This part of the brain is located between the cerebrum and the cerebellum. It is concerned with as a relay centre of nervous impulses and also regulates nature of physical motion of the individual.

Cerebellum or Hind Brain

The cerebellum part or hind of the brain is located behind and beneath of the brain cerebrum or fore brain. Its weight is about 140 grams. This brain is mainly responsible for maintaining equilibrium of the body and steadiness of movement. It controls and co-ordinates muscular movement and also controls finer senses of art, painting, drawing, games and sports, manual dexterity and motor skill etc.

Thalamus

This part of the brain is located at the centre of the brain just below the cerebrum. There are four different parts of it named. These are:

(i) Dorsal thalamus.

(ii) Epi-thalamus.

(iii) Hypo-thalamus.

(iv) Sub-thalamus.

The dorsal thalamus part of the brain passes sensory impulses to the cerebrum which is also known as sensory centre. The other rest of the three parts acts as a motor centre and the hypothalamus part is also controls emotional experience of individual.

Medulla Oblongata

This is the upper part of the spinal cord. It contains the nerve cells and fibre tracts connecting the cerebrum. It is the centre of blood circulation and respiratory function. A person may even die if this part is injured. It controls breathing as well as heart rate. It also acts as a sleep centre.

Pons Variole

This part of the brain is a thick bundle fibres which connects the two halves to the cerebellum with the cerebrum and the medulla oblongata. It forms a bridge in between the vital parts of the brain. Here, right hemisphere of the cerebrum controls the left side and the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body.

20. Mention two basic functions of the Brain.

Ans: The two basic functions of the brain are:

(a) Cognitive functions like- learning, memory, thinking etc.

(b) The regulation of physiology of the body.

21. What are called Receptors Mechanism?

Ans: Our five sense organs that is eye, ear, nose, skin and tongue are constituted of some receptors cells capable of receiving sense impression out of stimuli in environment, So they are called the receptors.

22. What are the two types of receptors mechanism? Give example.

Ans: The two types of receptors mechanism are:

(a) External receptor: For example –  eye, ear, nose, tongue and skin.

(b) Internal receptor: For example – Pain, hunger, etc.

23. What are the different parts of structure of the sense of vision eye?

Ans: There are different parts of structure of the sense of vision eye. So, the major parts of structure are mentioned below:

(a) Cornea:

The thick layer which is exists in front of the eye ball that is called Cornea.

(b) Aqueous humour:

Behind the cornea rests the transparent and liquid substance is called Aqueous humour.

(c) The Iris:

Behind the back of the humour there is exists two black circular parts, one is upper regions and second one is lower regions called iris.

(d) Pupil:

In between upper and lower regions of the two parts of the circular, there may be seen the deep black hole that is called the Pupil.

(e)  The Lens:

Behind the pupil there exists a transparent and solid part that is called the lens.

(f) Ciliary Muscles:

The lens is fixed with the muscular part in all sides which is called the ciliary muscles.

(g) Vitreous Humour:

In ciliary muscles, there is exists a big circular area with jelly-like substance inside the eye ball called vitreous humour. This humour is covered by three layers.

(h) The Retina:

In the inner layer of the vitreous, there are some sensitive cells covering two-third of the area called the retina. Retina of the inner layer is constituted of two types of receptive cells called cons and rods.

(i) Choroid:

The middle layer of the vitreous humour is constituted of black substance called choroid.

(j) Sclerotic Coat:

The outer layer of the vitreous humour is constituted of white substance called sclerotic coat.

(k) Blind Spot:

The part of the retina from where the optic nerve begins is called the blind spot. Here the cons and rods are totally absent.

(l) Yellow Spot:

There is another spot on the retina where the cons and rods are more concentrated to give maximum visual senses is called yellow-spot.

N.B: The most important parts of structure of the sense of vision Eye are namely, 1. Cornea. 2. The iris. 3. The lens and 4. The retina.

24. What are the three major or main parts of structure of the sense of Ear?

Ans: The three major or main parts of the sense of ear are namely:

(a) The Outer Ear:

This part is consisted of its hole in the middle that enters into the interior region which is called Auditory canal. At the end of the canal there is the thin and sensitive membrane called the ear drum. It receives and transmits the sound wave into interior region.

(b) The Middle Ear:

It is consisted of a cave in which there are three small bones namely, hammer or ossicles, anvil or incus and stirrup or steppes bone are arranged in a chain order in this part. The stirrup bone which is touches the oval window at its inner end. Out of the middle ear, there is a tube passes down to the neck which is connected to the nose called eustachian tube.

(c) The Inner Ear:

This part is started with the oval window that connects the three semi-circular canals and the cochlea that acts like a spring. They are transmitting the impulse of sound through auditory nerve to the auditory centre of the brain.

25. What is the third major name of sensory organ?

Ans: Skin.

26. What are major four types of tactual senses of skin?

Ans: The different types of tactual senses of skin are :

(a) Pain.

(b) Pressure and touch.

(c) Warmth.

(d) Cold.

    Along with these, there are some other types of tactual senses which are mentioned below:

(e) Itching.

(f) Burning.

(g) Softness.

(h) Hardness.

(i) Smoothness.

(j) Roughness.

(k) Dryness.

(l) Wetness etc. They indicate the magnitude of physical experiences of this kind being received.

Again, we should know that Physiological structure of the skin may be divided into three layer. These are:

(i) Epidermis Layer:

This type of skin is located on the surface of the body with a very thin membrane, where sensory experiences remain absent.

(ii) Dermis Layer:

It is located under the epidermis which gives different cutaneous senses.

(iii) Fat Layer:

It is located under the dermis as a thick layer of the muscles called fat layer. It gives rise to physical weight of individual.

 Other parts of skin are:

(iv) Oil Gland.

(v) Hair Follicle.

(vi) Blood Vessels.

(v) Sweet Gland.

Point to be remember:
  • Each eye is about 25 mm in diameter and weighs about 7gm.
  • The sense vision of eye is called the queen of receptors.
  • Skin is the third major sensory organ and it gives cutaneous sensation.
  • It serves as the alternative sense organ to seeing.
  • As a specific sense organ, skin cover the whole body organism but it does not give equal sensory stimulation to all the parts.
  • Outer parts of the body, skin sensation is found to be more intense than the inner parts of the organism.
Related Post Just Click Here : Knowing Process of Sensation, Perception and Conception.
Class-11 | Education | Notes
Chapter-1 Concept and Aims of Education.
Chapter-2 Stages of Human Development
Chapter-3 School and Its Organization.
Chapter-4 (A) Psychology and Education.
Chapter-4 (B) Educational Psychology and Its Significance.
Chapter-5 Physical Basis of Mental Life.
Chapter-6 Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour
Chapter-7 Primary Education in India and Assam
Class-11 | Education | Question Papers |
2023-2024
2020-2022
2018-2019
2016-2017
Calendar of Content List:
August 2025
MTWTFSS
 123
45678910
11121314151617
18192021222324
25262728293031
Recent Posts
Recent Comments
Different Methods of Educational Psychology | Education | Notes

Different Methods of Educational Psychology | Education | Notes

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Different Methods of Educational Psychology | Education | Notes

Different Methods of Educational Psychology | Education | Notes

Important Questions Answer

Methods of Educational Psychology

1. What are the different method of Educational Psychology. Briefly explain any two of them.

Educational psychology has its own method of study which are employed to improve teaching learning process in the classroom. The method uses to gather facts about the nature of children to know how they learn, how they develop and how the various aspects of a child’s personality passes through the several stages of growth and development. Educational Psychologist have adopted various means and methods. A few of them are mentioned below:

(a) Introspection Method.

(b) Observation Method.

(c) Clinical Method.

(d) Experimental Method.

(e) Case Study Method.

(f) Sociometric Method.

(g) Project or Projective Method.

(h) Statistical Method.

Introspection Method

2. Briefly explain the concept of Introspection method and its merits and demerits.

Introspection method is that type of method which is examine our own mental process of thoughts, feelings and motives. In this method, one places oneself in the place of the other person and tries to understand his feelings.

            This is the oldest method of educational psychology. Here, The word ‘Introspection’ means self study or inner action of the mind. This method is composed of two words, “Intro” means ‘within’ and “aspection” means ‘looking’. Therefore, the combination word ‘introspection’ means ‘self observation’ or ‘looking within ones own mental stage’.

For example: Suppose you are happy, and in the state of happiness, you look within yourself. Then that means you are introspecting your own mental feelings and examining what is going on in your mental process in the state of happiness.

Merits of Introspection Method:

(a) This is the method which is cheapest and most economical. We do not need any apparatus or laboratory for its use.

(b) This method can be used any time and anywhere.

(c) This method is very simple and is readily available to the individual.

(d) This method helps us in understanding our mental experiences and their improvement.

(e) It is the only method where individual can know his emotions and feelings itself.

Demerits of Introspection Method:

(a) In this method, Study has to be made when the mind is working, which has to be done by the individual himself. Otherwise, it will be disappears due to their emotional state like- anger, sorrow, etc.

(b) This method can be applied only in the case of normal individuals but not for abnormal individuals.

(c) Introspection can not made by children.

(d) In this method, The observer has to be highly trained and skilled person.

(e) It is criticised as a subjective method. That is why, the data acquired through it are may not at all reliable.

Observation Method

3. Write in brief on observation method and its merits and demerits.

Observation means to notice something. It is an important method of educational psychology. This methods includes the observation of the behaviour of a person at different times. The various mental feelings and anger, fear, love, happiness, sadness, etc. can be observed under this method by the outward expression of a person.

          This method tries to study human nature by observing expressed behaviour in various situations. There are different types of observation like- direct and indirect, natural and artificial, planned and unplanned, participant and non participant, etc.

Advantages of Observation method :

(i) With the help of this method, Behavioural problems in children can be located and preventive measures can be adopted.

(ii) This method can be used with children of all ages who are shy and problematic.

(iii) This method can be used in every situation where it does not require any special tool or equipment.

Disadvantages of Observation method:

(i) If the subject comes to know that he is being observed he may not behave naturally.

(ii) If the observer does not record the behaviour during the time of observation, he may forget a part of it when he tries to record it.

(iii) The observer may get only a small sample of students behaviour. It is very difficult to observe everything that a student does.

Clinical Method

4. Write a short note on clinical method, its merits and demerits.

The clinical method is an important method of educational psychology. This method used primarily to study behavioural problems of maladjusted individuals. This method is related to the field of medicine. The main purpose of this method is to study a particular individuals problem as a ‘case’ or ‘cases’ of a group to detect problems and suggested remedial measures.

Advantages or merits of the method of Clinical:

(i) This method takes into account the past and present history of the ‘case’ to study behavioural problems.

(ii) It also studies unconscious behaviour along with overt behaviour.

(iii) This method is regarded as a scientific one and it yields reliable results.

Disadvantages or demerits of the method of Clinical:

(i) It is difficult to observe complex behaviour and to provide useful remedies.

(ii) The interpretation of the case study may not always be correct because of the observers own intuition and theoretical.

Archives

Experimental Method

5. Write about experimental method, its merits and demerits.

This method is one of the popular method of studying educational psychology. This method implies the study of the behaviour in a controlled situation that is experimental laboratory. In this method , the cause of the problem is found out before finding the solution, experiment are then caried out. This method can also be applied to test the mental abilities and intelligence of the students through certain tests. But experiment has to be very careful while drawing conclusion.

Advantages or merits of Experiment Method:

(i) This method is based on real experiment and therefore, the findings are reliable.

(ii) It helps a teacher to understand a child better after analysing the data.

(iii) As the conditions are under control the different mental process of the child can be studied accuracy.

Disadvantages or demerits of Experimental Method:

(i) This method is not always possible to control all conditions properly.

(ii) The experiment can be carried out by trained persons only.

(iii) If proper rapport can not be established between the subjects and the experimenter, the result will not be correct.

(iv) As lot of apparatus are required to carry out the experiment so that the method becomes expensive.

Case Study Method

6. Write short note on case study method, its merits and demerits.

Case study method is one of the important method of educational psychology. This method is used in the case of a problem of child. In this method, the history of the family of the child, his early life, student life, home and school life are studied thoroughly. This method is applied on children having psychological problem like- learning difficulties, behavioural problems, emotional disturbance etc. But not only in case of problematic children, this method also used in case of gifted children also.

Advantages or merits of Case Study Method:

(i) Case study method is useful and popular method used for studying special characteristics in individuals.

(ii) It helps to understand the root causes of behavioural problems faced by the subject after analysing the obtained data.

(iii) It also helps teacher to adopt remedial measures and rehabilitation of problems of children.

Disadvantages of Case Study Method:

(i) Case study method is a lengthy and time consuming.

(ii) The Collection of data and their analysis is difficult in this method.

(iii) The finding are always not reliable because it depends upon the information provided by the person himself which may not be authentic.

Socio-Metric Method

7. Who introduced socio-metric method ? Write its merits and demerits.

Socio-metric method is one another method of educational psychology which was first developed in 1946 by Dr. J.L. Moreno and Hellen Jennings. This method studies the social behaviour of individual relationship that exists between individuals or among members of a particular group to provide an interesting study of their nature of social relationship for measuring the status of each individuals. The nature and the degree of such relationship can be objectively assessed by using questionnaire, check list, interview, rating scales, standard tests etc.

Advantages or merits of Socio-metric method:

(i) Socio-metric method helps to make study the social relationship of an individual or among members of the group.

(ii) This method gives us an understanding of the likings and disliking’s of all the members of the groups.

(iii) Through this method teacher may know the most accepted and rejected students to organize group activity of the students in various academic and non- academic field out of it.

Disadvantages or demerits of Socio-metric method:

(i) Socio-metric method can be used to test only one trait of personality that is sociability.

(ii) The process of collection of data is not very scientific as if done through collection of opinion of member of particular group.

(iii) The response of a child regarding some questions may be affected by peer pressure.

Project or Projective Method

8. Write a brief concept of Projective Method. Enumerated its merits and demerits.

Project or projective method is a psycho-analytical method of educational psychology. This method applied in knowing the unconscious and repressed elements of individual mind. This method provides opportunity to evoke responses from unconscious mind which reveal a persons desire, hopes and wishes that could not be fulfilled in the reality. Such responses are drawn by presenting a broad range of testing materials like- pictures, ink-blot cards, drawing and painting, free association test, sentence completion, arranging and interpreting picture situations, filling in the blanks and so on. The responses are expected to reveal one’s inmost thoughts, ideas, emotions and complexes that have been repressed.

Advantages or merits of Projective method:

(i) Projective method is very helpful for psychiatrist for dragonising and treating mental disorders.

(ii) Through this method a complete picture of the personality of a person can be obtained.

(iii) This method also helps to externalize the inner thoughts and ideas of an individual.

Disadvantages or demerits of Projective method:

(i) Project projective method is time consuming and interpretation of the response is very difficult.

(ii) A common classroom teacher can not apply it because for the administration of projective tests special training is necessary.

Statistical Method

9. Write a brief concept of Statistical Method. Mention its merits and demerits.

Statistical method is also a one of the method of educational psychology. This method is being used for study and analysis of human behaviour and responses. In this method, the data is made which is collected by the experimenter on various occasion. This method uses to compare the intellectual development of two children or the same child over the years as he develops. This method also helps to compare the results of two classes, two schools, and so on. Statistical methods used are consisted of measure of central tendency, variability, percentile, coefficient of correlation, etc. Use these methods  can simplify the complex data for objective and numerical observation of the result with greater reliability.

Advantages or merits of Statistical method:

(i) The calculations are accurate hence findings are reliable.

(ii) The facts collected has to be accurate for accuracy of the method.

(iii) One very important merits of this method is that scientific procedures are always followed in every steps of any statistical method.

Disadvantages or demerits of Statistical method:

(i) A common teacher is not capable of applying it as this  method requires specially trained personnel.

(ii) If proper statistical method is not applied, the findings may be wrong and hence harmful for the subject.

Related Post Just Click Here : Chapter-5 Physical Basis of Mental Life.
Class-11 | Education | Notes|
Chapter-1 Concept and Aims of Education
Chapter-2 Stages of Human Development
Chapter-3 School and Its Organisation
Chapter-4 (A) Psychology and Education
Chapter-4 (B) Educational psychology and Its Significance
Chapter-5 Physical Basis of Mental Life
Chapter-6 Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour
Chapter-7 Primary Education in India and Assam
Class-12 | Education | Question Paper |
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2020-2022
2018-2019
2016-2017
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Chapter- 4(A)| Psychology and Education| Class-11| Notes

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Chapter- 4(A)| Psychology and Education| Class-11| Notes

Chapter- 4(A)

Psychology and Education

Class- 11 Notes

Important Questions Answer

1. State how the word “Psychology” has been originated.

Ans: The word “Psychology” has been originated from two ‘Greek’ words ‘Psyche’ and ‘logos’. Psyche means ‘soul’ and Logos means ‘science of’. Thus the meaning of psychology is the soul.

2. Who said, “ First psychology lost its soul, then it lost its mind, then its consciousness, it still has behaviour of kind”?

Ans: Woodworth.

3. Why psychology is called the ‘science of behaviour’?

Ans: Psychology is called the science of behaviour because behaviour is the outer expression of our inner mind so by observing behaviour, we can understand the functioning of the mind of an individual. Behaviour includes the study of human mind and its three level – conscious, unconscious and sub-conscious.

4. Who said, “Psychology is a positive science of behaviour”?

Ans: J.B. Watson.

5. Why psychology is called a positive science?

Ans: Psychology is the study of human behaviour which is exhibited in a given situation. It tries to make an objective study of behaviour by using the method of direct observation and experimentation to deal with the present matter of fact. That is why, psychology is called a positive science.

6. What are branches of Psychology? Explain any two of them.

Ans: There are various branches of psychology which are mentioned below:

(a) Biological psychology.

(b) Developmental psychology.

(c) Environmental psychology.

(d) Clinical psychology.

(e) Child psychology.

(f) Educational psychology, etc.

    Now, we are going to discuss briefly any of them in the following below:

(a) Biological Psychology:

Biological psychology is that branch of psychology which is studies the influence of physical environmental condition such as temperature, pollution, humidity, natural disaster etc. on human behaviour.

(b) Developmental psychology:

Developmental psychology is that branch which make studies a detailed of human being in different ages and stages of human life from conception to death. Here, all the aspects of human behaviour includes like- physical, mental, social, emotional, motor, language, etc.

7. Make two difference between Education and Psychology.

Ans:  The two difference between Education and Psychology are mention below:

(a) Education is a normative science. On the other hand, Psychology is an objective or positive science.

(b) Education is based on philosophy. On the other hand, Psychology is based on experience.

Archives

8. Scope of psychology is very wider – Justify the statement.

Ans: Of course, the scope of psychology is becoming wider day by day. Because psychology studies all aspects of human life which has its own scope of studies that are highlighted below:

(i) It primarily studies causes of behaviour that includes physical, motor, mental, intellectual, and emotional activities.

(ii) It studies nature of behaviour in human being.

(iii) It takes into account human experiences that involves cognition, conation and affection.

(iv) It studies both consciousness and unconsciousness aspects of mind in its scope.

(v) It also studies many branches like developmental psychology, educational psychology, child psychology, clinical psychology, etc.

9. “ Education and psychology are not contradictory but complementary” Explain the statement.

Ans: Yes, Education and psychology are not contradictory but complementary each other we can say in the following ways:

(i) Education helps psychology in actual application of psychological findings.

(ii) Psychology also helps education in its practices and in solving different problems related to school environment and students.

(iii) Psychology makes educational norms, aims or goals in a reality.

(iv) Education contributes a lot towards widening the scope of psychology.

(v) Education also helps in developing several new branches of psychology like child psychology, educational psychology, developmental psychology, etc.

          Thus, it may be observed that there is sustaining relationship between education and psychology that one can not survive as a branch of study without the help of the other.

10. What is child psychology?

Ans: Child psychology is a branch of psychology which deals with the behavioural development of children as he grows. The child is different from an adult so far his emotion, sentiments, urges and intelligence is concerned. Therefore, the child psychology helps their behaviour to be studied separately in accordance with their problem.

11. What is Clinical Psychology?

Ans: Clinical psychology is a branch of psychology which deals with causes, treatment and prevention of various psychological disorders in individual which helps individual in solving the challenges and problems of their individual life.

12. What do you mean by social psychology or Group psychology?

Ans: Social psychology is a branch of psychology which is studies the behaviour of an individual as a member of a group like- interpersonal relationship, cooperation, obedience to leaders, prejudice, aggression, social motivation, intergroup relation, etc. on the environment of the society.

13. What is Educational Psychology?

Ans: Educational psychology is nothing but it is regarded as the most important branch of applied psychology. It studies the educational problems with reference to the facts of psychology. It also deals with the problems of the individuals in the educational situation.

14. Definition of Educational psychology.

Ans: (i) According to Skinner, “Educational psychology covers the entire range of behaviour and personality as related to education”.

(ii) Again, Skinner said, “Educational psychology is that branch of psychology which deals with teaching and learning”.

15. Who is the father of Educational psychology?

Ans: A Swiss school teacher, Heinrich Pestalozzi is the father of educational psychology.

16. Mention three characteristics of Educational psychology.

Ans: The three characteristics of Educational psychology are mention below:

(i) Educational psychology as an applied branch of psychology applies the principles of psychology to study the behaviour of the children in learning situation.

(ii) It helps a teacher to solve the various problems that arise in a classroom situation.

(iii) It suggest the ways and means for the modification of the behaviour of the children.

17. Discuss about the scope of educational psychology.

Ans: The scope of educational psychology is very broad. It combines two fields education and psychology. Its scope can be broadly classified from the point of view of the key factors which are mentioned below:

(i) The learner:

Learner means the child who is involve in the process of learning. Every learner has his unique qualities and potentialities. Hence, one important area of educational psychology is to study the nature, and behaviour of the learner in its relation to education.

(ii) Individual differences:

Every child is different from the other by birth with his genetic qualities. So education has to be designed according to the needs, interest and attitudes of a child. Study of such individual is a major areas of study of educational psychology.

(iii) Stages of Development:

Every child passes through various stages of development before reaching maturity. Every stage of development has its own nature and characteristics. Educational psychology makes an analytical study of the nature of the psycho-physical development of the child.

(iv) Study of unconscious mind:

Educational psychology also attempts to make a study of the complexity of our unconscious mind and the role its plays in our day to day life.

          Apart from all these, the scope of educational psychology also includes the following:

(v) Developmental characteristics.

(vi) A study of pupils behaviour.

(vii) Methods of teaching and learning.

(viii) Measurement and Evaluation.

(ix) Heredity and Environment.

(x) The teacher.

(xi) The learning process.

(xii) The learning experiences, Etc.

18. Mention two differences between general psychology and educational psychology.

Ans: The basic of difference between educational psychology and general psychology are as follows:

(i) General psychology is more theoretical, whereas educational psychology is practical.

(ii) General psychology is an old branch of study, but educational psychology is comparatively new.

(iii) The scope of general psychology is wider than educational psychology.

19. Discuss in brief why study of psychology is essential for a Teacher.

Ans: Relevance of psychology for the teacher may be clear with the following consideration:

(i) Understanding the child’s nature:

Child mind has it’s own nature so that teacher may know this better through the study of psychology.

(ii) Knowledge of child’s behaviour:

It is professional responsibility of the teacher to know the child’s native potential before he goes to teach. So that study of psychology is the way out for him.

(iii) Modification of child’s behaviour:

Teacher should bring about changes in the native instinctive tendencies and biological needs of children through study of this subject.

(iv) Creating interest and motivation:

Teacher is not teach but to create condition for self-learning of the students, here also study of psychology is of great help to him.

(v) To develop suitable method of teaching:

Teacher may be helped to evolve effective method of teaching through study of psychology.

(vi) To know about classroom situation:

Teacher may know the social structure and group behaviour of the students through study of psychology.

Point to be Remember
  • Psychology was first defined as science of soul.
  • During 18th century psychology was defined as the science of mind.
  • Modern and formal definition that is accepted today psychology as a ‘science of behaviour’.
Related Post Just Click Here : Part-II Educational Psychology and its Significance.
Class- 11 | Education | Notes |
Chapter-1 Concept and Aims of Education
Chapter-2 Stages of Human Development
Chapter-3 School and Its Organization
Chapter-4 (A) Psychology and Education.
Chapter-4 (B) Educational psychology and Its Significance.
Chapter-5 Physical Basis of Mental Life.
Chapter-6 Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour.
Chapter-7 Primary Education in India and Assam.
Class-11 | Education | Question Paper |
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2020-2022
2018-2019
2016-2017
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Chapter-3| School and It’s Organization| Class 11| Education| Notes

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Chapter- 4(A)| Psychology and Education| Class-11| Notes

Chapter- 3

School and It's Organization

Class 11

Important Questions answer

School is the main institution of formal education where knowledge of a wide variety of subjects is provided to the students in the school which may be divided into four stages namely: Pre-primary (3-6 years), Primary (6-9 years), High school or secondary (10-16 years), and Higher secondary (17-19 years). 

So therefore in this chapter, You will find important questions answer to know about:

  • Understand the concept of a school plant and its organization.
  • The various resources required for a school plant.
  • Understand the role of technology in education. 
  • The different types of Students.

1. What is School Plant ?

Ans: School plant is an integral part of learning environment that includes the school building, play grounds, school furniture, apparatus, human resources and other equipment is called School plant.

2. Mention three factors of School plant.

Ans: The three factors of school plant are mention below:

(a) Physical resource.

(b) Human resource.

(c) Curriculum and co-curricular activities.

3. Mention three physical resources for setting up a school plant .

Ans: The three physical resources for setting up a school plant includes the following:

(a) Site or Land.

(b) School building and play ground.

(c) Classroom.

(d) Library.

(e) Science laboratory.

4. Mention five conditions require for selecting site or land for setting a school plant.

Ans: The five conditions require for selecting site or land for setting a school plant are mention below:

(i) The shape of land should be preferably rectangular.

(ii) The site or land should not be very close to main road nor so far from it. But the surroundings of land should be healthy.

(iii) The level of the area or land should be little raised so that water logging does not take place.

(iv) Land should not be near to public place like- bus stand, market place or any place of entertainment like- cinema hall.

(v) There should be scope on land for further expansion in future.

5. Mention five conditions to be kept in while constructing a school building.

Ans: The five conditions to be kept in while constructing a school building are mentioned below:

(i) The school building should be planned and constructed in terms of various academic needs and interest of the students.

(ii) While constructing the school building proper ventilation, provision for light and air should be kept in mind.

(iii) The school building should be constructed in such way like- I,L, T, U, E, or H pattern. But the ‘E’ pattern of school building is most suitable one.

(iv) There should be a good provision of sanitation and supply water.

(v) There should be provision in the school building for indoor games and should have a playground for outdoor games and sports.

6. Who said, “Destiny of the nation is being shaped in her classrooms”.

Ans: D.S Kothari (Commission).

7. Mention five conditions to be kept in mind while constructing a classroom.

Ans: The five conditions to be kept in mind while constructing a classroom are mention below:

(i) Classroom should usually be able to accommodate 50 students and should be spacious so that the teacher may move to every students.

(ii) There should be enough windows for proper lighting and ventilation.

(iii) Benches and desks should be constructed keeping in view of the height of the students and their seating conveniences.

(iv) Size of the classroom should not be too long. It should be square or rectangular in size so that every students can see and hear the teacher conveniently.

(v) The blackboard should be attached to the wall facing of the students and on the back of the teacher’s table.

8. Mention five conditions of a good library.

Ans: The five conditions of a good library are mention below:

(i) If possible library should be constructed at a separate building within the school campus.

(ii) Admission to the library should be restricted, well regulated and disciplined.

(iii) There should be systematic and subject wise arrangement and exhibition of books on the shelves of the library.

(iv) Provision should be made for a spacious reading room attached to the library.

(v) There should be a well qualified librarian.

9. Mention five conditions to be kept in mind while constructing a science laboratory.

Ans: The five conditions to be kept in mind while constructing a science laboratory are mention below:

(i) Science laboratory should be constructed at a particular side of the school building. It should not be located in between the two theoretical class rooms.

(ii) There should be proper seating arrangement of the students inside the laboratory so that the teacher may give necessary instruction to them on their work.

(iii) Arrangement should be made for almirah, shelf etc. in keeping the costly apparatus, models and chemicals safely inside the laboratory.

(iv) Arrangement of instructional materials like- the projectors, screens, films and slides with electrical outfits for giving visual effect of education should be there.

(v) Provision should be made for regular supply of gas, water and electricity to the room.

10. Mention three human resources required for setting up a school plant.

Ans: The three human resources required for setting up a school plant are mentioned below:

(i) Teacher.

(ii) Students.

(iii) Employees.

11. What are the Classification of IQ (Intelligence Quotient) ?

Ans: The classification of IQ are mentioned below:

        IQ                 Classification

Above 140         Genius.

120-140             Very Superior.

110-120             Superior.

90-110               Normal or Average.

80-90                 Dull.

70-80                 Borderline deficiency.

50-70                 Morons.

20-50                 Imbecile.

Below 25           Idiots.

N.B: Children possessing IQ below 50 are not at all fit for any type of Education.

12. Who are physically handicapped Children?

Ans: There are some children who are physically handicapped. They are classified as:

(i) Visually handicapped children:

Children are those who are completely blind or may posses a poor eye sight.

(ii) Aurally handicapped children:

Those children who are totally or partially deaf.

(iii) Speech handicapped children:

Such children those have disorder in voice, stammer, delayed speech problem, etc.

(iv) Orthopaedically handicapped children:

Such children are physically crippled, deformed and disable children who are incapable of leading a normal life.

13. What do you mean by Educational Technology?

Ans: Educational Technology is a branch of knowledge that deals with the application of the available human and non-human resources which provides appropriate solution to the educational problems to improve the process and product of education is known as Educational Technology.

14. From where the term ‘technology’ has been originated?

Ans: The term ‘technology’ has been originated from the two Greek word ‘technic’ means ‘art or skill’ and ‘Logia’ means ‘science or study’. Thus, Technology means the ‘science or study of an art or skill’.

15. Write two characteristics of Educational Technology.

Ans: The two characteristics of Educational Technology are:

(a) Educational technology is the scientific application of scientific knowledge and experience to education.

(b) It involves input, process and output aspects of education.

16. What is Computer?

Ans: Compute is a tool or device of an electronic machine that can perform arithmetic and logical operation at numerous speed. It is also known as an electronic brain or thinking machine.

17. What is the meaning of the word ‘computer’?

Ans: The meaning of the word ‘computer’ is to ‘determine by calculation’.

18. Who invented Computer?

Ans: The computer was invented by Charles Babbage.

19. What is a Laptop computer?

Ans: A computer which is fit inside a briefcase is called a Laptop computer.

20. What is Palmtop computer?

Ans: A computer which fit inside a breast pocket is known as a palmtop computer.

21. Mention four basic parts of a Computer.

Ans: The four basic parts of a Computer are:

(A) Input devices:
The example of Input devices are:

(i) Keyboard.

(ii) Mouse.

(iii) Scanner.

(iv) Joy stick.

(B) Output devices:

The example of Output devices are:

(i) Screen or Monitor.

(ii) Printer.

(iii) Speaker or Headphones.

(C) Central Processing Unit (CPU):

It is also known as the brain of the computer. It controls the operation of all other components such as memory, input and output devices. Its major section are:

(i) Primary memory.

(ii) Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU).

(iii) Control unit.

(D) Storage device:

The example storage devices are:

(i) Floppy Disk: It is a flexible, removable and temporary storage device. It has only minimum storage capacity.

(ii) Hard Disk: It is a non-removable high capacity storage device. It storage capacity is also maximum.

(iii) Compact Disk (CD): It is a portable and reliable storage device. Its capacity is higher than floppy disk but lesser than hard disk. It includes monitor, floppy disk drive, CD-ROM drive, CPU , Speakers, Keyboard, Mouse pad, Mouse, On/Off button, Printer, CD, Joystick.

22. Mention four parts of a Computer Unit.

Ans: A computer unit consist of the following parts:

(a) Monitor.

(b) Keyboard.

(c) System unit.

(d) Mouse.

(e) Printer.

23. Write two characteristics of Computer.

Ans: The two characteristics of Computer are:

(a) The computer is an electronic machine and it is very fast to assist for calculation work.

(b) A Computers can store large amounts of information in its memory.

(c) Computers work in the same manner all the time and it saves lot of time for man.

Archives

24. Mention two uses of Computer.

Ans: The two uses of Computer are:

(a) Computer can use as a means of communication to people of the whole world through internet.

(b) It can use for scientific research in hospitals, trade and industries, educational purpose etc.

25. Write four educational advantages of a computer.

Ans: The four educational advantages of a computer are mentioned below:

(i) Computer can help to proceed in learning according to ones own individual rate of progress.

(ii) Computer can train the students in keeping the educational facts, data and information in a more systematic way.

(iii) Computer can motivate the students to spend their leisure time through brain work quite constructively.

(iv) Computer can help for conducting of examination and publication of the result and marksheets in the field of education.

(v) Teacher may undertake necessary educational research and survey work through assistance of the computer.

(vi) Students cumulative record card may be prepared and properly recorded by the teacher with the help of computer.

26. Mention two advantages of computer aided instruction.

Ans: The two advantages of computer aided instruction are:

(a) Computer can assist teachers in the development of instructional materials.

(b) It can help for collecting detailed records of students performance.

27. Write two limitations of using computer in education.

Ans: The two limitations of using computer in education are:

(a) Computer are very expensive, the poor people can not afford to purchase it for their education.

(b) Specially trained teachers will be required to provide such instruction.

28. What is Internet?

Ans: The internet is the communication network that connects together innumerable computers of the world for accessing information. World Wide Web (WWW) is a part of the internet services which can help to provides the fastest, easiest and cheapest means of information communication on the global basis.

29. What is the full form of WWW?

Ans: The full form of WWW is World Wide Web.

30. What is the full form of ARPANET?

Ans: The full form of ARPANET is Advanced Research Projects Administration Network.

31. Write two advantages of internet.

Ans: The two advantages of internet are:

(a) Listening to music.

(b) Playing games.

(c) Reading latest news.

32. Mention two characteristics of Internet.

Ans: The two characteristics of Internet are:

(a) Internet may be said as a network of the networks.

(b) Nobody owns the internet, no country has the authority to control, guide and direct it.

33. What are the components are required to have an access to internet?

Ans: To have an access to internet we need to have the following components:

(a) A computer.

(b) A modem.

(c) A telephone line.

(d) Software to interact with the other components.

(e) Internet Service Provider (ISP).

34. What is E-mail?

Ans: E-mail is an improved electronic method of sending message to people. In simple term,  sending letters through internet is known as E-mail.

35. What is the full form of E-mail?

Ans: The full form of E-mail is Electronic Mail.

36. Write two functions of E-mail.

Ans: The two functions of E-mail are:

(a) Both the sender and the receiver of message must open the e-mail account here in the system.

(b) E-mail users are given here the ‘password’ an identification mark.

(c) Message may be collected on the e-mail box even if the receiver remains absent at the moment.

37. Write two advantages of E-mail.

Ans: Following are the two advantages of E-mail:

(a) E-mail is very fast as compared to postal services.

(b) No postage stamp is required.

38. What is the full form of CD-ROM?

Ans: The full form of CD-ROM is Compact Disk- Read Only Memory.

39. What is a Web-site?

Ans: A Web-site is collection of web pages which includes text, images, sound, and videos in a document on the web which helps to draw necessary information.

40. What is the first page of a web-site known as?

Ans: The first page of a web-site known as ‘Home page’.

41. Mention two characteristics of Web-site.

Ans: The two characteristics of Web-site are:

(a) Website is a place or location on the world wide web, where all types of information are contained.

(b) The first introductory page is called ‘home page’ and the specific information of additional pages are called ‘child page’.

42. What is the full form of URL?

Ans: The full form of URL is Uniform Resources Locator.

43. What is Teleconferencing?

Ans: Teleconferencing is a new step of modern technology towards the improved communication of knowledge and exchange of ideas at the national and international level.

44. Write the three name of Teleconferencing.

Ans: Following are the three name of teleconferencing:

(a) Audio teleconferencing.

(b) Video teleconferencing.

(c) Computer teleconferencing.

45. Write four educative value of using Teleconferencing.

Ans: Following are the four educative value of using teleconferencing:

(i) If used effectively this medium can prove to be one of the most efficient agencies of education.

(ii) This medium can creates interest in the minds of the students based on discussion.

(iii) It helps the students to ask questions to the instructor and get immediate answer.

(iv) It can be adjusted according to the number of students.

46. Mention two advantages of Educational Technology.

Ans: The two advantages of educational technology are:

(i) Educational helps to develop the scope and quality of education.

(ii) It helps to find out of several educational problem with mass communication media.

Point to be Remember

  • Computer programme was used for the first time by Conrad Zuse in 1936.
  • Computer was invented during the middle of the 20th century.
  • Computer was first invented by Charles Babbage.
  • Since 1981 computers have increased and developed their functions dramatically.
  • Internet was first started in USA in 1969.
  • Internet is a network of networks.
  • Internet was started as ARPANET.
  • Tim Berners Lee, a research scholar in Switzerland was able to develop the World Wide Web (WWW) to make the information system on the internet easier to read and understand.
  • Full for ATP is Automatic Transaction Process.
  • Full for of ATM is Automatic Teller Machine.
  • Full form of ISP is Internet Service Provider.
  • Full form of WWW is World Wide Web.
  • Full form of SMS is Short Message Service.
  • Full form of CD-ROM is Compact Disk-Read Only Memory.
  • Full form of URL is Uniform Resources Locator.
  • Full form of ARPANET is Advanced Research Projects Administration Network.
  • The IBM 1401 was the most commonly used computer.
  • In 1981 IBM introduced its Personal Computer (PC) for use in home, office and schools.
  • In 1945 and 1956, the first generation computers were build using vacuum tubes for calculation and magnetic tapes for memory.
Related Topic or content: 
Just click Here: Role of Teacher as a Facilitator, Motivator, Counsellor Notes.
Class-11 | Education | Notes
Chapter-1 Concept and Aims of Education.
Chapter-2 Stages of Human Development.
Chapter-3 School and Its Organisation.
Chapter-4 (A) Psychology and Education.
Chapter-4 (B) Educational psychology and Its Significance.
Chapter-5 Physical Basis of Mental Life.
Chapter-6 Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour.
Chapter-7 Primary Education in India and Assam.
Class-12 | Education | Question paper |
2023-2024
2020-2022
2018-2019
2016-2017
Calendar of Content List:
August 2025
MTWTFSS
 123
45678910
11121314151617
18192021222324
25262728293031
Recent Posts
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Problems of Secondary Education in Assam| Chapter-1| Class-12

Problems of Secondary Education in Assam| Chapter-1| Class-12

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Problems of Secondary Education in Assam| Chapter-1| Class-12

Problems of Secondary Education in Assam

Class-12

Chapter-1

Important Questions Answer

In this title, You will get to know about :

1. Discuss about the main problems of Secondary Education in Assam.

Ans: Secondary Education acts as a connecting link between the primary and higher stage of education. This important stage of education in Assam suffers from different problems so that some important problems of Secondary Education in Assam are as follows:

(i) Inappropriate Curriculum:

The school curriculum is not appropriate, not related to the real and practical life to fulfil the needs of the students as well as of the society. This follow the curriculum mechanically without interest, curiosity, understanding or appreciations.

(ii) Defective Text book:

The quality of text books, teachers guides and teaching materials is not satisfactory.

iii. Improper evaluation system:

The evaluation system of secondary education is not free from evil. It is basically dominated by external examination.

(iv) Lack of capable teacher:

The quality of teaching stuff in schools is not satisfactory. In many of the privately managed schools the situation is dangerous.

(v) Defective teaching methods:

In no secondary school, we will find dynamic method being followed. The average teacher suffers from lack of professional preparation. The existing system is rigid and does not encourage initiative, creativity and experimentation.

(vi) Lack of enough resource or Finance:

Finance is the greatest hurdle in the field of secondary education in Assam. But the financial allocation to secondary education is not sufficient so that its quality remains poor.

Development of Secondary Education in Assam after Independence.

2. Discuss about the development of secondary education in Assam after independence.

Ans: Before Independence it means since 1926 Secondary Education system of Assam was controlled by Calcutta University. But later 22 years, In 1948 the Guahati University was established and this university was taking the responsibility of secondary education which was transferred from Calcutta University to Gauhati University.

       After Independence of India, there are certain necessary steps was taken by the government to modernize the secondary education system of Assam. As a result certain changes takes place in the administration education, authorities for the purpose of standard and quality education.

        Thereafter, National level committees like- Mudaliar Commission 1952-53, Kothari Commission 1964-66, National Education Policy 1986 recommendations has played significant role in the development and controlling process of secondary education of Assam.

           In 1962, Secondary Education Board of Assam was established on the recommendation of Mudaliar Commission 1952-53. Since then the controlling the power of secondary education come under the Secondary Education Board of Assam, located in Gauhati. During this times 67 high schools were upgraded to higher secondary schools along with multipurpose secondary schools in Assam were established on the basis of the recommendation of Mudaliar Commission which was decided by the Government of Assam. From the time of establishment of Secondary Board of Education, Assam, controlled two system of examination. One is Matriculation or present High School Leaving Certificate Examination. The second one is Higher Secondary Examinations. But now, presently Higher Secondary courses and examination are controlled by Assam Higher Secondary Education Council.

3. Write four provisions of Assam Secondary Education Act 1961.

Ans: In 1961, The Secondary Education Act was passed which provided for the following provisions:

i. It extends to the whole of Assam.

ii. The University or any board will have no controlling authority over the Secondary Schools recognized by the Government.

iii. By a special notice, Government will constitute ‘Board of Secondary Education’ for the control, management and development of Secondary Education.

iv. A board of Secondary Education will be constituted with members.

v. The Secretary of the board will be appointed by the Government.

4. Mention the powers and functions of Secondary Board of Education Assam, 1961.

Ans: Government of Assam vested the responsibilities of extension of education, administration, control and development of Secondary Board of Assam so that the powers and functions of Secondary Board of Education Assam are enumerated below:

i. Preparation of Curriculum:

Board will prepare the curriculum for Secondary and Higher Secondary Education.

ii. Examination:

Examination will be conducted on the basis of the curriculum.

iii. Result:

 Result will declared by the Board.

iv. Certificate:

Certificate will be issued who have success in examination by the Board.

v. Rules and regulation of admission and examination:

Rules and regulation of admission and examination will decide by the Board along with the fee structure.

vi. Provision of scholarship and prize:

Provision of scholarship and prize will be fixed by the board and distribute it.

vii. Preparation of Text books and reference books:

Selection of text books and reference books and its preparation and publication will be the responsibility of the board.

viii. Examine the problems of secondary education:

Board will examine and study the problems of secondary education.

ix. Eligible Criteria of teachers:

Board will decide the necessary eligibility criteria of teachers for organizes schools.

x. In-service training for teachers:

Board will organize in-service-training for teachers and the seminar.

5. Write the four name of multipurpose school as transformed on the basis of the recommendation of Mudaliar Commission in Assam.

Ans: The four name of multipurpose school as transformed on the basis of the recommendation of Mudaliar Commission in Assam are mentioned below:

i. Jorhat Government School – Science and Technical.

ii. Goalpara Government School – Science and Technical.

iii. Kohima Government School – Technical and Home Science.

iv. Tura Government School – Agriculture and Home Science.

6. When Secondary Education Act of Assam was passed?

Ans: Secondary Education Act of Assam was passed in 1961.

7. When Secondary Board of Education Assam was constituted or formed or established?

Ans: In 1962, Secondary Board of Education Assam was constituted or formed or established.

8. When Assam Higher Secondary Education Council was established?

Ans: Assam Higher Secondary Education Council was established in 1984.

9. When Krishna Kanta Handique State Open University was established?

Ans: In 2007, Krishna Kanta Handique State Open University was established.

10. When Gauhati University was established?

Ans: Gauhati University was established in 1948.

11. Since 1926, The Secondary Education System was controlled by ____________ (Fill in the blank).

Ans: Calcutta University.

12. Secondary Education Board of Assam was established on the recommendation _______________ (Fill in the blank).

Ans: Mudaliar Commission 1952-53.

13. In 1984, Assam Higher Secondary Education Council constituted on the basis of ____________ (Fill in the blank).

Ans: Kothari Commission 1964-66.

14. What is the name of the first Secondary School of Assam?

Ans: Dibrugarh Girls High School.

15. What is the first Higher Secondary School in Assam?

Ans: Cotton Collegiate Government Higher Secondary School.

16. Multipurpose secondary schools in Assam were established on the basis of recommendation of ______________ Commission. (Fill in the blank).

Ans: Secondary Education Commission 1952-53.

     Point to be Remember
  • Since 1926, The Secondary Education System of Assam was controlled By the Calcutta University.
  • In 1961, The Secondary Education Act of Assam was passed.
  • In 1962, Secondary Education Board of Assam was established on the basis of the recommendation of Mudaliar Commission.
  • Cotton Collegiate Government Higher Secondary School is the first school in the state of Assam which was established in the year 1935.
  • In 1984, Assam Higher Secondary Education Council was constituted on the basis of the recommendation of Kothari Commission.
  • Government of Assam established one open university that is ‘ Krishna Kanta Handique State Open University’ at Gauhati in 2007.
  • The important problems of Secondary Education in Assam are:
  1. Inappropriate Curriculum.
  2. Defective Text book.

     3.  Improper evaluation system.

     4. Lack of capable teacher.      

     5. Defective teaching methods.

     6. Lack of enough resource or Finance.

     7. Defective Management.

     8. In sufficient Physical Facilities.

     9. Lack of resources.

                                    xxxxx

Related Post Just Click Here:  Chapter-2 Non-formal Education.

Class-11 | Education | Notes
Chapter-1 Concept and Aims of Education.
Chapter-2 Stages of Human Development.
Chapter-3 School and Its Organisation.
Chapter-4 (A) Psychology and Education.
Chapter-4 (B) Educational psychology and Its Significance.
Chapter-5 Physical Basis of Mental Life.
Chapter-6 Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour.
Chapter-7 Primary Education in India and Assam.
Class-11 | Education | Question Papers |
2023-2024
2020-2022
2018-2019
2016-2017

Class-12 | Education | Notes

Chapter-1 Development of Secondary Education in India and Assam
Chapter-2 Non-Formal Education
Chapter-3 Current Trends in Education
Chapter-4 Learning
Chapter-5 (A) Memory and Forgetting
Chapter-5 (B) Attention and Interest
Chapter-6 Mental Health and Hygiene
Chapter-7 Statistics and Application in Education
Class-12 | Education | Question Papers |
2023-2024
2020-2022
2018-2019
2016-2017
2014-2015
Class-11| Chapter-2| Stages of Human Development| Notes

Class-11| Chapter-2| Stages of Human Development| Notes

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Class-11| Chapter-2| Stages of Human Development| Notes

Chapter-2

Stages of Human Development

Class-11

Notes

Growth and Development

1. What is Growth and Development?

Ans: Changes in the quantitative aspects are called ‘Growth’. It means the term ‘Growth’ refers to the changes in physical sense like- increase in size, length, height and weight, etc.

        On the other hand, Changes in both qualitative as well quantitative aspects of human life is called ‘Development’ it implies overall changes In shape, form or structure resulting in improved working or functioning.

2. Find out the difference between growth and development.

Ans: The difference between growth and development are mentioned below:

3. Mention four principles of development.

Ans: The four principles of development are:

(a) Principle of continuity.

(b) Principle of Individual difference.

(c) Principle of interrelation.

(d) Principle of proceeding from general to specific response.

4. Write four characteristics of Development.

Ans: The four characteristics of development are mentioned below:

i. Development is a continues, comprehensive and long term process.

ii. Development is predictable.

iii. The rate and speed of development can not be uniform and regular.

iv. It is both quantitative as well as qualitative.

v. Development process is influenced by hereditary and environment factor both.

vi. Different individuals have different pattern of growth and development.

5. Mention two basic elements of development.

Ans: The two basic elements of development are:

(a) Growth

(b) Maturation

(c) Experience

(d) Social transmission

Archives

Infancy Stage

6. What is Infancy?

Ans: The first five years after birth is called Infancy. It means the period from birth to 5 years is the first stage of human life.

7. From where the term ‘Infancy’ was originated?

Ans: The term ‘infancy’ was originated from the “Latin” word ‘infans’ means ‘unable to speak’.

8. Mention four characteristics of Infancy.

Ans: The four characteristics of infancy are mentioned below:

i. Animism

ii. Ego-centricism.

iii. Curiosity.

iv. Dependence.

v. Quick physical growth.

vi. Imitativeness.

9. What is Animism?

Ans: Animism is a typical nature of child’s mental life which belief that objects are inanimate (non-living) have feelings, thoughts, pleasure and pain, joy and sorrow like him and have mental characteristics and qualities of living things. This nature of child’s mental life is called Animism.

  For example: When the child falls on the ground then he begins to cry, when someone hits the ground then he feels pleasure.

10. In which stage is known as ‘Questioning age’?

Ans: Infancy stage.

11. Why do infants frequently ask questions?

Ans: Infants frequently ask questions begins to know and learn language by imitating parent or others.

12. What is the name of the stage from birth to 5 years of age?

Ans: Infancy stage.

13. How many stages of development in human life?

Ans: There are mainly four stages of development in human life.

14. Mention five psycho-physical needs of infancy.

Ans: The fie psycho-physical needs of infancy are mentioned below:

(a) Physical need.

(b) Need of Play.

(c) Need of love.

(d) Need of freedom.

(e) Need of emotional security.

15. Write briefly about the educational provision of infants.

Ans: During infancy, the educational provision should be made keeping in view of their psycho-physical characteristics and need which are mentioned below:

i. Proper care of keeping good health and habit are of primary consideration to them for awakening the dormant qualities of child.

ii. Calm and peaceful environment should be made for education of the child.

iii. Play, music, dance etc. should be the most important which can help to satisfy child’s physical mental, emotional, social and moral development of the child in a comprehensive way.

iv. Importance should be given for the development of child’s thinking, reasoning, and imagination power through use of learning by doing method.

v. Instruction should be given to maintain neat and clean.

Childhood Stage

16. What is Childhood?

Ans: The second stage means the period from 6 to 12 years of age of human development life is called Childhood. This stage is also divided into two periods namely:

(a) Early childhood (From 6-8 years).

(b) Late childhood (From 9-12 years).

17. Which stage is called the ‘schooling age’?

Ans: Childhood stage.

18. Why childhood is called the age of schooling?

Ans: Childhood is called the age of schooling because the child attains requisite mental maturity to exhibit loyalty and subordination to reading and writing at this stage to undergo formal education in school. Therefore, it is called the schooling age.

19. Mention four characteristics of Childhood.

Ans: The four characteristics of childhood are mentioned below:

(a) Gang loyalty (Late childhood).

(b) Homo-sexuality.

(c) Capacity to learn.

(d) Development of creative power (Late childhood).

20. What is Gang Loyalty?

Ans: Gang loyalty means a own group of children where they form certain rules and code of conduct in the gang and uphold them quite faithfully and obediently to select their leader to follow him without violates the rules of the group is called Gang loyalty. They develop a strong sense of loyalty and allegiance to the gang to play outside with their groups.

21. Write briefly about educational provision of Childhood.

Ans: Educational provision should be made according to different characteristics of child which are mentioned in the following points:

i. At this stage, the child becomes realistic and extrovert in nature so that education should be given on real experience on learning by doing.

ii. Preliminary Heath education should be instructed to maintain neat and clean at this stage.

iii. Education should be given according to the interest with love and care of the children. So that the child can learn effectively.

iv. Group play and group activities should be given importance on child’s which can help them in physical and social development.

v. Importance should be given for the development of instinctive behaviour of the children properly.

vi. Educational tour programmes should be arranged to fulfil their curiosity in different important places.

Adolescence Stage

22. What is Adolescence?

Ans: The period which is comprises between 12 to 18/19 years of age means the period of transition between childhood and adulthood is called Adolescence. But this period is also divided into two stages, namely:

(a) Early childhood (12-15 years).

(b) Late childhood (15-18/19 years).

23. From where the term ‘Adolescence’ is originated?

Ans: The term ‘adolescence’ is originated from ‘Latin’ word ‘adolescere’ which means ‘to grow’.

24. Who said, “Adolescence is a period of great stress and strain, storm and strife, storm and stress”?

Ans: Stanley Hall.

25. Who described, “the state of adolescence as a recapitulation of the stage of infancy”?

Ans: Dr. Earnest Jones.

26. Mention two characteristics of Adolescence.

Ans: The two characteristics of adolescence are mentioned below:

(a) Hero- worshiping.

(b) Hetero-sexuality.

27. Mention two psycho-physical needs of adolescence.

Ans: The two psycho-physical needs of adolescence are:

(a) Need of freedom.

(b) Need of social security.

28. Mention four problems of adolescence stage.

Ans: The four problems of adolescence stage are mentioned below:

(a) Sex problem.

(b) Social problem.

(c) Educational problem.

(d) Problem of delinquency.

29. What is Hetero-Sexuality?

Ans: Hetero-Sexuality is a remarkable characteristics of adolescence. Here, Hetero-sexuality means sexually attracted to opposite sex. It means boys who are attracted to girls and girls who are attracted to boys are hetero-sexual. So, therefore we can say that sex life of the adolescence is called Hetero-sexuality.

30. Why Adolescence is called “a period of great stress and strain, storm and strife, storm and stress”? Explain briefly.

Ans: As we know, conscious people in society express both positive and negative attitude towards the adolescents. So that, the ground reality is to called adolescence is ‘a period of great stress and strain, storm and strife, storm and stress’ that if the psycho-physical needs in the boys and girls of the adolescents are reasonably satisfied then it may ensure healthy adjusted and develop positive attitude towards life. On the contrary, if they remain frustrated the stage may naturally create storm and stress in anybody’s life to affect all people in society. Therefore, we can say that the social situation is mainly responsible for creating stress and strain, storm and strife, storm and stress in life of the adolescent.

31. Write briefly about the educational provisions of adolescence.

Ans: Educational provisions should be keeping in view of their psycho-physical needs and problems. So in view of this fact educational provisions for the adolescents may be summarised with the following points:

(i) Educational provision should be provided for art, music, games and sports in their co-curricular programme in school to serve emotional needs of the boys and girls.

(ii) Training for leadership should form part of education through scout, guide and red-cross organisation to develop a sense of discipline, loyalty and obedience among the children.

(iii) Need based educational provision should be provided in school for giving educational, vocational and personal guidance among the students to choose proper path in their life.

(iv) Sex-life provision should be made for sex education in secondary school to remove all illusion and misconception on sex and its related problems.

(v) Social sense of friendship, co-operation and the democratic values of equality and social justice should be promoted in them through active participation in social situations.

(vi) Education for leisure should form an essential part of school programme to develop good hobbies and habits among the students through different co-curricular activities in the school.

32. Discuss the role of parents or home on child’s development.

or
Discuss briefly about the influence of home on child’s personality.

Ans: Child’s development of desirable qualities in his life is subjective to influences of home environment. Nature of such influences or role of parents may be identified in the following below:

(i) An ideal environment of home must be created with love, affection and understanding by the parents to develop healthy and attractive personality of the child.

(ii) The should also create an environment of freedom and spontaneity at home for their self-expression and development.

(iii) The parents should try to satisfy their psycho-physical needs of children reasonably.

(iv) Parents should give their company to children in the family for maximum limit of time.

(v) Parent should ensure emotional security to children in the family.

(vi) They should be given desirable status, position, honour and recognition in the family.

Related Post Just Click Here : Chapter-3 School and Its Organisation.
Class-11 | Education | Notes
Chapter-1 Concept and Aims of Education
Chapter-2 Stages of Human Development
Chapter-3 School and Its Organisation
Chapter-4 (A) Psychology and Education.
Chapter-4 (B) Educational psychology and Its Significance.
Chapter-5 Physical Basis of Mental Life.
Chapter-6 Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour.
Chapter-7 Primary Education in India and Assam.
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2020-2022
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Chapter-1| Concept and Aims of Education| Class-11| Notes

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Chapter-1| Concept and Aims of Education| Class-11| Notes

Chapter-1

Concept and Aims of Education

Class-11

Notes

Important Questions Answer

1. What do you mean by Education?

Ans: In simple term, Education is nothing but it is a dynamic, continues and life long process of development of an individual which begins at the birth and continues throughout our life for acquiring knowledge and experiences that we acquire at home, school, playground, newspapers, radio, television, movies, etc. It helps to complete development of a man’s personality, as a whole.

           So therefore, we can say that Education is life and life itself is education which can help to modify our behaviour, character and knowledge in all aspects of human development.

2. Give any one definition of Education.

Ans: Different educationist has given different definition of education which are mentioned below:

(i) M.K Gandhi defines, “By education I mean an all round drawing out of the best in the child and man body, mind and spirit.”

(ii) According to Swamy Vivekananda, “Education is the manifestation of divine perfection, already existing in man.”

(iii) Aristotle speaks of education as “the creation of a sound mind in a sound mind.”

(iv) Pestalozzi indicates  education as “the natural, harmonious and progressive development of man’s innate powers.”

(v) John Dewey maintains “Education is the development of all those capacities in the individual which will enable him to control his environment and fulfil his possibilities.”

(vi) Socrates view, “Education is the development of the universal elements, which is dormant in every individual.”

(vii) Plato opinions that, “Education is the capacity of feel pleasure and pain at the right moment.”

(viii) Sir Percy Nunn says “Education is the complete development of the individuality of the child so that he can make an original contribution to human life…”

3. Briefly explain Etymological meaning of the term ‘Education’.

Ans: The term ‘Education’ has been derived from four ‘Latin’ words. These are- EDUCO, EDUCARE, EDUCERE and EDUCATUM. 

     Firstly, It comes from two combination words “E” and “DUCO. Here, ‘E’ means “Out of” and “DUCO” means “Lead out”. Thus “EDUCO” means ‘to lead out’ the inner power of man. 

       Secondly, the word “Education” originated from three ‘Latin’ words, namely:

(a) EDUCARE:

It means ‘to bring up’ or ‘to nourish’. Here, education is considered as a process, not a product.

(b) EDUCERE:

It means ‘to lead out’ or ‘to draw out’. Here, Education is considered as ‘the latent potential of the child from within’.

(c) EDUCATUM:

It denotes ‘the act of teaching’ or ‘training’. Here, Education is considered as ‘the principles and practice of teaching’.

Point to be Remember

  • ‘EDUCO’ and ‘EDUCERE’ refers to ‘Education’ as an act of development from within whereas ‘EUCARE’ and ‘EDUCATUM’ implies that ‘Education’ is an act of putting in something from outside sources.

4. Write briefly about the concept of narrow and wider meaning of education.

Ans: In the narrow and in its restricted  sense education means ‘schooling’. Here, Everything is systematic, prefix, and pre-determined. The curriculum, discipline, deliberate efforts by the teachers inculcate certain values, habits or attitudes in children, method of teaching, and examination, marks or grades are followed in the school. A learner can get proper employment after getting a certificate from these institution.

        So, we can say that narrow meaning of education is a systematic process to achieve the definite goals of education through classroom instruction.

       On the other hand, In the wider and unrestricted sense all experiences of our life are said to be education. Here, education is not limited to four walls of the classroom. It comprises totality of our experiences which covers man’s physical, mental, social, emotional, and moral aspects of experiences from birth to death. These knowledge, experience and skills can gained through the house, temple, church, family. Playground, club, society even school which gives true realization of a man’s life. 

    Therefore, we indicate that education is life and life itself  is education which helps us to modify our behaviour, character and knowledge in all aspects of human development which are regarded as the wider meaning of education.

5. Make distinguish between Narrow and Wider meaning of education.

Ans: The distinguish between narrow and wider meaning of education are mentioned below:

(i) Narrow meaning of education is planned and organized process. On the other hand, Wider meaning of education is a social process.

ii. Narrow meaning of education which starts with students entry in school and ends with instruction completion, While wider meaning of education starts from birth and goes throughout life.

iii. Narrow meaning of education education is limited to schooling only, whereas wider meaning of education goes beyond schooling and instruction.

iv. In narrow meaning, the aim of education imparts limited knowledge in specific subjects.  On the contrary, the aim of education focusses on overall development of  students in wider sense.

v. In narrow meaning of education, contents included only academic subjects traditionally taught in the schools, But contents are based on overall learning experiences of students in the field of wider meaning of education.

Archives

6. Education is a ‘Bio-polar’ as well as ‘Tri-polar’ process. Explain briefly.

Ans: Sir John Adams in his book entitled “Evolution of Educational Theory” said that education is a bio-polar process which is considered two poles, namely:

(a) Teacher.
(b) Students.

Here, both are equally important in the process of education because If the teacher gives, the child receives and if the teacher instruct, the child follows. Here, the teacher seeks the modification of the development not only through imparting knowledge and skills but also through the direct influences on the child’s personality. So therefore, we can say that there is an interaction between the teacher and the child which is very essential.

          On the other hand, John Dewey considered education is a tri-polar process. He said that educational process not only has a psychological side involving the teacher (educator) and the educand (students), but also has a sociological aspects too. It means the process of education contains three poles, namely:

(a) Teacher.
(b) Student.
(c) Social or educational environment.

   Here, the teacher designs, plan, execute and evaluate students experiences to understand the child’s interest, capacities, aptitudes, and also try to modify the personality of the students. So therefore, we can say that these three factors actively cooperate in the efficient and successful working of the educational process which determines the aims, contents, method of teaching in which the teacher and the child both lives.

7. Write a short note on ‘Education as a life long process’.

Ans: Yes, It is true that education is a continues and life long process which begins at the birth and continues throughout our life. It includes the effects of everything that influences human personality for acquiring knowledge, skills, experiences and competencies through formal, informal and non-formal learning throughout the entire life span.

      So therefore, we can say that education is considered as a life long process pf striving for perfection.

8. Write short note on ‘Education as modification of human behaviour’.

Ans: Yes, It is true that education as modification of human behaviour because of the following reason:

(a) Education is a process which develops our learning factors that bring relatively enduring or permanent changes in our behaviour.

(b) Education can change our behaviour that covers the whole life of a man to modify itself through the process of modification.

(c) It represent a progressive change in behaviour by the acquisition of new behaviour which gives to meet our desire, needs and requirements for change.

           So therefore, above reason we can say that education is considered as modification of human behaviour.

9. Write short note on ‘Education as an instrument of social change.

Ans: Yes, It is true that education as an instrument of social change because of the following reason:

(a) Education helps us in increasing the mental ability of a persons thinking, pattern of social relationship, attitudes, and lifestyle of a person.

(b) It helps to bring such instant changes like- concept of right and wrong, what should be done or what not.

(c) It also helps to modified our old customs, faiths and belief to bring about progressive changes in them.

10. Briefly explain the scope of Education.

Ans: The literal meaning of scope is ‘range’. It means are or subject matter of study which encompasses breadh, comprehension, and variety of learning experiences that to be performed in the educational process. The scope of educational process includes the following aspects:

1. Types of Education:

(a) Formal Education

(b) In-formal Education

(c) Non-formal Education

2. Aims of Education:

(a) Individual aim of Education

(b) Social aim of Education

(c) Vocational aim of Education

(d) Liberal or cultural aim of Education

(e) Democratic aim of Education

3. Relation with others discipline:

(a) Education and Philosophy

(b) Education and Psychology

(c) Education and History

(d) Education and Economics

(e) Education and Political science

(f) Education and Population studies

(g) Education and Environmental Education, etc.

   So to conclude, we can say that all the educational aspects which is studies with review, outlook, planning, effectiveness, operation and application on the concerned person in a comprehensive way.

11. What do you mean by Formal Education? Give with example.

Ans: The education which is imparted at a particular place under controlled environment is called formal education. For example-  School, colleges, university and other institutions.

      Here, aims and methods of teaching are pre-determined, curriculum is fixed, duration of teaching time is controlled by the time table and discipline is exhibited everywhere in the system. One the education is over, the students are given pass or fail certificate or degree.

12. Enumerated the characteristics of Formal Education.

Ans: The characteristics of formal education are enumerated under the below:

i. Formal education is planned and deliberate.

ii. It has chronological grading system.

iii. It has a syllabus and subject oriented.

iv. The syllabus must be covered within a specific time.

v. Discipline is strict as well as flexible.

vi. It has fixed rules and regulations.

vii. It is structured hierarchically.

13. What do you mean by In-formal Education? Give with example.

Ans: In-formal Education refers to a life long learning process whereby each individual acquires attitudes, values, skills and knowledge from the educational influences and resources in his or her own environment and from daily life experiences is called In-formal Education.

    For example: Family, neighbourhood, playground, church, social and religious organisation, peer group, radio, television etc.

14. Enumerated the characteristics of In-formal Education.

Ans: The characteristics of In-formal Education are enumerated under the below:

i. In-formal Education is independent of boundary walls.

ii. It has no definite syllabus.

iii. It is not pre-determined and has no time table.

iv. It is a life long process in a natural way.

v. Self discipline is followed which comes from social control.

vi. It is natural and unconscious process.

vii. This type of education is received from any and every person at any time or any place.

viii. No certificate or degree are awarded.

15. . Make distinguish between Formal and In-formal education.

Ans: The distinguish between Formal and In-formal education are mentioned below:

(a) Formal education is pre-planned and pre-determined towards certain aim or goal. On the other hand, In-formal education is purely incidental and spontaneous where no definite aim or goal of education to be pre-determined.

(b) The formal education has rigid time table, While in-formal education is free from any rigid time table.

(c) Students evaluation is done on the basis of examination after passing examination where degree or certificate are awarded in formal education. On the contrary, There is no certificate or degree are awarded in in-formal education. Here, evaluation is done by observing social adjustment.

(d) Formal education has fixed curriculum, rules and regulations, where as there has no fixed curriculum even rules and regulations in-formal education. The whole life and experiences is its curriculum.

16. What do you mean by Non-formal Education? Give one example.

Ans: The education which is systematically imparted to learners according to the time table and certificate or degree may also be issued at the end of education but teaching is not controlled by evaluation. This type of education is called Non-formal Education.

   For example: Distance education like- IDOL, KKHSOU, IGNOU, Adult Education Centres, Anganwadi are better example of this.

17. Enumerated the characteristics of No-formal Education.

Ans: The characteristics of Non-formal education are enumerated under the below:

i. The non-formal education is planned and takes place apart from the school system.

ii. It may be full time or part time learning and one can earn and learn together.

iii. It has no age limit.

iv. It is a life long educational process.

v. It encourages self learning.

vi. It is based on the principles of maximum utilisation of human potentials.

vii. It involves learning of professional skills.

viii. It has flexible curriculum, inner discipline and self awareness programme.

18. Make distinguish between Formal and Non-formal education.

Ans: The distinguish between Formal and Non-formal education are enumerated below:

(a) Formal education has fixed concepts and contents in its curriculum. On the contrary, Non-formal education has a diversified curriculum responsive to the learner’s need.

(b) In formal education, duration of education is fixed and pre-scheduled, While duration of education s subjected to learners in non-formal education.

(c) There is age limit in formal education, But there has no age limit in non-formal education.

(d) Certificates, degrees are awarded on the basis of examination in formal education, Where as on the basis of evaluation certificates, degrees are awarded in non-formal education.

19. Write briefly on the relation between Education and Biology.

Ans: Yes, Education is closely related with biology in the following ways:

i. Both education and biology studies on man and environment.

ii. Biology studies on influence of heredity and environment whereas education studies both on acquisition of knowledge.

iii. Biology deals with only physical environment while education studies not only physical environment but also social environment both and its impact on individuals.

iv. Biology deals with central nervous system, functions of brain, gene, chromosomes, hormone, etc. whereas education helps us in widening our knowledge on these areas.

v. Biology makes a detailed study about the dietary habit of man, types of food consumption to achieve proper nutrition while education studies on different types of food, their nutritional value and so on.

20. Write briefly on the relation between Education and Philosophy.

Ans: Education and Philosophy both are very closely each other. They are called the two sides of the same coin because of the following reason:

i. Both education and philosophy deals with human being and their life.

ii. Philosophy is wisdom whereas education transmits that wisdom from one generation to other one.

iii. Philosophy embodies a way of life of an individual whereas education prepares a life of an individual.

iv. Philosophy determines the various aspects of education.

v. Philosophy determines a set of goal of life which is consciously adopted by education.

vi. Philosophy represent a system of thought while education embraces that thought in the content of instruction.

21. Write short note on the relation of Education with Sociology.

Ans: Yes, Education and sociology both are intimately related to each other because of the following ways:

i. Both sociology and education are concerned essentially with man and his life.

ii. Education is the means for achieving a set of goals of sociology.

iii. Education is the laboratory and workshop of sociology.

iv. Education contributes to social change and transmission of culture which are sociological issues.

v. Sociology studies the structure and functions of social system while education is one of the important functions of any social system.

vi. Sociology contributes greatly to the planning, execution, monitoring and evaluation of educational process.

22. Write a short note on the relation of Education with Economics.

Ans: Education and Economics are closely related because of the following ways:

i. Both education and economics are the ability of the members in an educated society to use their knowledge to discover new opportunities for wealth creation.

ii. Education makes a country economically rich.

iii. The education of people in a society determines the growth of economical potential, wage level, and unemployment rate in society to contributes social peace.

iv. Education is a facilitator for economic development which helps us to increase the accessibility of people to modern and scientific ideas.

v. Education is a human capital investment which is expected to yields results that will translate to the improvement and growth of the economy of a nation.

vi. Education allows its owner to receive a higher income and gives the opportunity for self expression, creative fulfilment, as well as moral satisfaction from current activities.

23. Write short note on the relation of Education with Psychology.

Ans: Education and psychology are interdependent to each other in the following ways:

i. Education is considered with aims, ideals, and standards of life whereas psychology determines whether these aims are attainable or not.

ii. Psychology and education both deals with human behaviour in different ways.

iii. Psychology introduce new theories of learning in education.

iv. Educational psychology deals with the educational problems.

v. Educational psychology considered the foundation of education because psychology effects education in every field of teaching and learning process.

vi. Educational psychology covers the entire range of behaviour and personality as related to education.

vii. Psychology suggest use of different methods in teaching and learning to achieve better result.

24. Who was the chief supporter of individual aim of education?

Ans: Sir Thomas Percy Nunn was the chief supporter of individual aim of education.

25. What is meant by Education for Individuality? Write with it’s merits and demerits.

Ans: Education for individuality or Individual aim of education means the education of an individual growth which is refers to imparting knowledge according to the needs, desires, and interests of an individual for all round development of child’s power and natural development for optimization of his individuality in all its aspects.

             Sir Thomas Percy Nunn was the chief supporter this individual aim of education or education for individuality. According to him, “Individuality is the ideal of life.”

Advantages or Merits of Individual aim of Education:

i. Individual aim of Education helps to develop individual qualities and potentialities of a child who is unique biological in accordance with his nature.

ii. It helps to tech the child to respect the individual life.

iii. It can lead the individual self-realization of higher or supreme values of life.

iv. It also develop not only the individual excellence of each child but also enable him to understand the society.

Disadvantages or Demerits of Individual aim Education:

i. It can make individual selfish, self-centred and economical.

ii. It gives importance only on biological heredity but it denies the social heredity which is equally important.

iii. It ignores the socio-cultural influence as well as rich heritage of the country.

iv. It gives more freedom which may misuse it and might may cause more harmful by the little children.

v. It gives importance on individual development only but it denies the social development.

26. Who was the chief advocate of this social aim of education?

Ans: John Dewey was the chief advocate of this social aim of education.

27. Explain the social aim of education with it’s merits and demerits.

Ans: The social aim of education refers to consideration the social needs of society, stability, reconstruction, development and social adjustment. It is directly associated with the fulfilment of the social welfare of the society.

       John Dewey was the chief advocate of this social aim of education. He emphasized in his book “Democracy and Education” and “School and society” that the development of society is of prime importance for the development of individuality.

Advantages of Social aim of Education:

i. Social aim of education can helps to formulate its own progress of the society with the help of education.

ii. It helps to adjustment person to person to prepared a child to live as an effective member of the society.

iii. Man is a social animal by instinct. Therefore, this aim can helps to moulds and makes him a perfect human being.

iv. It also helps to make a close relationship between the school and the outside world.

Demerits of Social aim education:

i. It is against the development of individuality of the individual.

ii. Society ignores the legitimate needs, desires and interests of the individual.

iii. It reduces individual to a mere non-entity.

iv. It makes individual only as a tool of government.

28. The individual and social aim of education are not contradictory but complementary to each other. Discuss this statement.

Ans: Yes, although there are differences between individual and social aim of education but both are interdependent or complementary to each other because of the following different points of view which are mentioned below:

i. Individual and social aim of education both focus on the development of the society as a whole.

ii. The development of man depends on the development of society.

iii. The individual can not realize himself. Every human being is social by nature and he is capable of reaching his fullest development only in the society.

iv. John Dewey emphasized that ”the development of society is of prime importance for the development of individuality.”

v. Sir Percy Nunn believed that the individuals could develop their goodness in the need of a social environment.

vi. Again, Progressive thinkers feel that when individuals are developed society will automatically be developed.

        So therefore, we can say that individual can not survive without society and society also can not survive without individual. Both individual and social aim of education are interdependent and complementary to each other.

29. What is Vocational aim of Education? What makes this aim so important for the society?

Ans: In simple term, Vocational aim of Education means the education which is imparted the necessary education and training to their own children in the vocation to prepares people to work individual to be self-employed with requisite sill to move in their careers is called vocational aim of education.

          This aims are very important for the society which are mentioned in the following below:

i. Vocational aim makes one economically self sufficient.

ii. It can make individuals good, loyal and productive citizens.

iii. It may help to utilise individual capacity for social progress.

iv. It can serve the present reality of life and needs of individual.

v. It can solve the socio-economic problems including the problem of unemployment in the youths.

vi. It helps the state in making effective use of man power resources for country’s development.

30. Write two disadvantages of Vocational aim of education.

Ans: The two disadvantages of Vocational aim of education are mentioned below:

i. This aims fails to satisfy the mental and spiritual need of high order.

ii. It could not satisfy the cultural and aesthetic need of man.

31. Write short note on “Liberal aim of education.”

Ans: Liberal aim of education is that which is indicate the education entailed in the classical tradition of education. For example- art, music, literature and philosophy. This aim is also known as ‘Cultural aim of education.’

           This liberal aim of education helps students to develop a sense of social responsibility as well as strong and transferable intellectual and practical knowledge and skills in real world setting.

         This aim can serves the aesthetic, moral and spiritual need of man. It may also can help man to utilise his leisure hour in a more healthy and creative way.

32. What should be the aim of education in a democracy?

Ans: As we know that education is the great instrument of social emancipation by which democracy establishes, maintains and protects the spirit of equality among its members.

       Therefore, the aim of education in a democracy must be formulated on the basis of the following ways:

i. Creation of democratic personality or Development of personality:

For self expression and for the full development of human personality, education should develop literacy, artistic and cultural interests of the students. For this purpose subjects like- art, craft, music, dancing, etc. should be included in the scheme of studies.

ii. Education for leadership:

In order to make democracy function successful, it is essential to inculcate the qualities of leadership in our youth. Education should train the youth to provide leadership in the social, political, industrial and cultural fields.

iii. Developing national and international outlook:

The purpose of this aim of education is to make the citizens practise the values of democracy, love for our nation and have feeling of universal brotherhood and international understanding.

iv. Equalization of educational opportunity:

The true democratic education demands that education should be the birthright of every individual. So, equal educational opportunities should be provided to all members of the society.

v. Improvement of Vocational Efficiency:

In order to achieve this aim, education should be much greater emphasis on crafts and productive work introduced diversification of courses at the secondary stage like-agriculture, technical, commercial or other practical courses.

33. Make distinguish between Individual and social aim of Education.

Ans: The distinguish or difference between Individual and social aim of education are mentioned below:

i. Individual aim of education is based on philosophy of naturalism . On the other hand, Social aim of education is based on philosophy of pragmatism.

ii. Individual aim which gives importance on biological heredity of man, While social aim of education gives importance on social heredity of man.

iii. The aim of individual education is to development of man’s biological potential, Where as, the social aim of education is to attainment of social efficiency of man.

iv. This aim gives full freedom to the individuals for development, but The aim of social education gives full freedom and power to the state.

Related Post Just Click Here : Chapter-2 Stages of Human Development.

Class-11 | Education | Notes
Chapter-1 Concept and Aims of Education.
Chapter-2 Stages of Human Development.
Chapter-3 School and Its Organisation.
Chapter-4 (A) Psychology and Education.
Chapter-4 (B) Educational psychology and Its Significance.
Chapter-5 Physical Basis of Mental Life.
Chapter-6 Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour.
Chapter-7 Primary Education in India and Assam.
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Philosophical Foundation of Education| Chapter-1| Notes| KKHSOU

Philosophical Foundation of Education| Chapter-1| Notes| KKHSOU

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Philosophical Foundation of Education| Chapter-1| Notes| KKHSOU

KKHSOU Notes

Philosophical Foundation of Education

Chapter-1

Philosophy and Education

1. What is Philosophy?

Ans: Philosophy is the study or creation of theories which seeks to understand the mysteries of existence and reality. It tries to discourse the nature of the truth and knowledge and to find what is of basic value and importance in life. It also examines the relationship between humanity and nature and between individual and society. Thus, we can say that philosophy is a form of inquiry – a process of analysis, criticism, interpretation, and speculation.

2. Write about the meaning of the term of ‘Philosophy’.

Ans: The term ‘Philosophy’ comes from a combination of two Greek words – ‘’philos” meaning ’love of’ and “sophi” meaning ‘wisdom’. Etymologically, philosophy means ‘love of wisdom’.

3. Give one definition of Philosophy.

Ans: Different philosopher has given different definition of philosophy. Some of philosopher’s definition are mentioned below:

(i) According to Aristotle, “Philosophy is the science which investigate the nature of being, as it is in itself.”

(ii) According to Cicero and Marcus Tullius, “Philosophy is the mother of all arts and the true medicine of mind.”

(iii) According to Dr. Rahdakrishnan, ”Philosophy is a logical enquiry into the nature of reality.”

4. State the basic characteristics of Philosophy.

Ans: The four basic characteristics of Philosophy are mentioned below:

i. Philosophy is a search for truth and reality.

ii. Philosophy is the art of thinking rationally and systematically of the reality as a whole of the universe.

iii. Philosophy is study of general principles and understanding of all that comes in the range of human experience.

iv. Philosophy is the study of metaphysics beyond one physical and its relation with the physical world.

5. Briefly explain about the branches of Philosophy.

Ans: The branches of philosophy are most commonly taken to be logic, ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, and aesthetic. Here is a brief sketch of each:

1. Logic:

Logic is the method of reasoning and argumentation which is concerned with providing sound methods for distinguishing good from bad reasoning. It enquiries into various kinds of proof or evidence and the condition of their validity and also investigates the nature and validity of various kinds of inference, deduction and induction.

        The term ’logic’ is derived from the Greek word ‘logos’ which has a variety of meaning like- thought, idea, argument, account, reason, or principle.

   The are basically two kinds of logic. These are namely:

(a) Deductive logic:

It is concerned with determining when an argument is valid. For example: conclusive inference.

(b) Inductive logic:

It is concerned with the correctness of inferences for which the evidence is not conclusive. For example: probable inference. 

2. Ethics:

Ethics is also often called ‘moral philosophy’ which take up the meaning of our moral concepts such as- right action, obligation, and justice and formulates principles to guide moral decisions, whether in private or public life.

        The word “ethics” is derived from the Greek word ‘’ethos’’ which means ‘custom or character’.

        There are three areas of ethical theories:

(a) Meta ethics:

It deals with the nature of moral judgement.

(b) Normative ethics:

It is concerned with the content of moral judgements and the criteria for what is right or wrong.

(c) Applied ethics:

It studies to looks at controversial topics like war, animal rights and capital punishment.

        Ethics also has the following major sub-fields:

  • Political philosophy.
  • Social philosophy.
  • Philosophy of law.
  • Medical ethics.
  • Business ethics.
3. Epistemology:

Epistemology is that branch of philosophy which deals with the nature, origin or sources, types, structure, scope, methods, and validity of knowledge. It encompasses the nature of concepts, the constructing of the concepts, the validity of the senses, logical reasoning, as well as thoughts ideas, memories, emotions, and all mental things. It also analyses the nature of knowledge and how it relates to similar notions such as truth, belief, and justification.

4. Metaphysics:

Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy which is concerned with the nature of reality, of what exists in the world such as- substance, identity, the nature of mind, and freewill. It encompasses everything that exists, as well as the nature of existence itself.

       Traditionally, the word “Metaphysics” comes from ‘Greece’ in a two combination words ‘meta’ meaning ‘over’ and physics meaning ‘beyond’. Thus, the combination means over and beyond physics. 

                   There are two kinds of metaphysic. These are:

(a) General metaphysics (universal):

It studies the ultimate reality like- categories, universals, attributes etc.

(b) Special metaphysics:

It studies seriously one particular subject like- philosophy of mind and psychology, personal identity, ad aesthetics.

          Again, Aristotle originally split his metaphysics into three main sections which are mentioned below:

i. Ontology:

It studies of being and existence, including the definition and classification of entities, physical or mental, the nature of properties and the nature of change.

ii. Natural Theology:

It studies of God, including the nature of religion and the world, existence of the divine, questions about the creation, and the various other religions or spiritual issues.

iii. Universal science:

It studies first principles of logic and reasoning such as the law of non-contradiction.

5. Aesthetics:

Aesthetics branch of philosophy deals with the nature of art, including the performing arts and painting, sculpture, and literature. The word “aesthetics” is derived from the Greek word ‘aisthetikos’ meaning ‘of sense perception’.

6. Explain the relationship between Science and Philosophy.

Ans: Yes, both science and philosophy are interrelated and interconnected which has endured for thousands of years particularly in the work of Galileo, Descartes, Kepler, Newton, Einstein among others. So, some point of the relation between science and philosophy can be stated in the following below:

i. Both science and philosophy are engaged in the search of truth.

ii. Philosophy examines scientific method.

iii. Philosophy guides future courses of scientific process.

iv. At the same time, scientific research influences philosophical progress.

v. Philosophy integrates science and examines scientific assumption.

vi. Philosophy provides a constructive criticism of sciences.

      So, to conclude we can say that both science and philosophy grew out of the reflective thinking and are promoted by an impartial love of truth.

7. Make differentiate between science and philosophy.

Ans: The major difference between philosophy and science can be stated below:

i. Philosophy is best linked to the human heart. On the other hand, Science is to the human mind.

ii. Philosophy uses questioning and a series of analyses through logical arguments and dialectics. Where as, Science is more concerned with empirical evidence and testable hypotheses.

iii. Science bases its explanation from experimentation and observation. But, Philosophy bases its explanation on argument of principles.

iv. Philosophy and science both are engaged in different activities and differ from in their method, scope, problem, conclusion etc.

7. Discuss the relationship between Philosophy and Education.

Ans: Yes, it is true that both philosophy and education are closely interrelated which are enumerated in the following below:

i. Education and philosophy are dynamic because both are deal with human being and their life.

iii. Philosophy sets the goal and create a good life for the individual whereas education finds out the solution by which the goal of a human being can be fulfilled.

iii. Philosophy determines the goal of life which is consciously adopted by education.

iv. Philosophy determines the various aspects of education.

v. Philosophy represents a system of thought whereas education embraces that thought in the content of instruction.

vi. Philosophy is wisdom and education transmit that wisdom from one generation to the other.

vii. Philosophy embodies a way of life whereas education prepares a life of an individual.

viii. James Ross said, “Education is the dynamic sides of philosophy.”

ix. John Adams rightly said, “Education is the dynamic side of philosophy. It is the active aspect of philosophical belief.”

x. John Dewey said, “Philosophy is the theory of education in its most general phases.”

xi. Percy Nunn view, “Education aims are correlative to ideals of life.”

xii. Spencer’s view, “True education is practicable to true philosophers.”

xiii. Fichte’s view, “The art of education will never attain complete clearness without philosophy.”

xiv. Gentile view, “Education without philosophy would mean a failure to understand the precise nature of education.”

         So therefore, we can say that both education and philosophy are closely related and both are called the sides of the same coin.

9. What do you mean by Educational Philosophy?

Ans: Educational philosophy is nothing but it is the practical application of philosophical principles in the educational field which direct the various aspects of education towards the aim of human life. It is also a branch of general philosophy which comprises of the principles, ideals, and theories of life of particular people, at a particular time, in a particular society or country and it puts them in to practice in the field of education. In short, we can say that educational philosophy relates philosophy of life through the medium of education.

10. Explain the functions of Educational Philosophy.

Ans: The functions of educational philosophy are generally associated with aims of education, the programme of education, examination and evaluation of educational organization, methods, contents, measurement and so on to identify and explain the true nature of man, as the principle of object of education which are briefly discussed under the below:

i. Determining the aspects of education:

Educational philosophy determines various aspects of education which are briefly explain here in the following ways:

(a) Aim of Education:

Different educational philosophers have suggested vast and varied aims and objectives of educational process. These includes physical, mental, social, emotional, spiritual, moral, ethical, cultural, academic, lingual, and pragmatic for the development of human personality.

(b) Curriculum:

With the help of educational philosophy, Curriculum designer can construct curriculum according to the need, interest, and ability of the child.

(c) Method of teaching:

With the help of educational philosophy, we can able to choose suitable methods of teaching according to the nature of the subject and school environment to make classroom teaching more effective and attractive.

(d) Discipline:

Knowledge of educational philosophy determine the nature of form to follow a desirable discipline.

(e) Teacher and students:

Educational philosophy determines the role and quality of teacher as well as student in the school and relationship with each other in a diversified society.

(f) Administration:

Knowledge of education philosophy also determines to established in democratic or totalitarian system of administration in the field of educational institutions.

ii. Harmonizing old and new traditions in the field of education:

This function emphasise that old traditions are replaced by the new traditions. But this process of replacement is not always smooth because of certain orthodox in the society. So therefore, there is a need of coordinating in order to maintain harmony between both and this function can be performed with the help of study of education philosophy.

iii. Providing the educational planners, administrators, and educators to achieve educational development:

This function of educational philosophy indicates that a true philosopher can give a practical shape of education which guides to the educational planners, administrators, and educators with the right vision to attain the educational goals efficiently.

iv. Preparing the young generation to face the challenges of the modern time:

As we know that our present society is not static. It changes the value, tradition, custom, culture etc from time to time. So that educational philosophy helps

to understand the relationship between the goals and complexities of society to develop critical attitude towards the individual’s life in diverse society to face challenges of the modern time.

     On the other hand, According to Brubacher, there are mainly three functions of educational philosophy which are briefly explain below:

(a) Speculative function:

Speculative function of educational philosophy leads the educator and the administrator from common sense approach to rational and perspective approach. It also helps to guides the teacher by giving him an overall view of the whole thing in terms of facts, data, information, etc. to make assessment of everything.

(b) Normative function:

Normative function of educational philosophy refers to set of norms, goals, principles, standards etc. If we applying these norms, then it is possible to decide a right decision. But in the absence of these norms, the teacher or the administrator or the controlling authorities fail to make the right decision.

(c) Critical function:

Critical function of educational philosophy examines the contents, methodology in the sphere of education and refines to it make fully suitable.

KKHSOU | M.A 1st Sem | Education | Notes
Chapter-1 Philosophy and Education

Class-12| Chapter-7| Statistics and application in Education| Notes

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Chapter-7 Statistics and Application in Education

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1. What is Statistics?

Ans: Statistics is a process of scientific method that deals with description of data in the form of numerical value which helps for collection, tabulation, classification, analysis and interpretation of data related to predetermined purpose is called Statistics.

2. Explain the meaning of the term ‘Statistics’.

Ans: The term ‘Statistics’ have been derived from ‘Latin’ word ‘Status’, Greek word ‘Statistique’, Italian word ‘Statista’, and German word ‘Statistic’. So that meaning of these word is ‘Political state’ or ‘a government’.

3. Discuss the needs and importance of statistics in education and psychology.

Ans: Statistics is very important in education and psychology which are discussed in the following bellows:

i. For Construction of Psycholigical Test:

Statistical methods helps in the construction of various psychological test like- achievement test, intelligence test, aptitude test, interest inventories, attitudes etc.

ii. For presentation score:

It helps us in proper and systematic presentation of the scores obtained from various educational and psychological tests and measure.

iii. To make prediction:

It helps the teacher to render guidance to the students to make prediction regarding their future progress.

iv. To know individual difference:

Statistics also helps to know individual difference of the students in terms of their academic performance.

v. To keep various types of Record:

It provides the teachers to keep various records of his students as well as of the school record.

vi. To make selection, classification and promotion:

Statistics also helps the teachers to make selection, classification and promotion of the students.

4. What are the different methods of Statistics?

Ans: There are some methods of statistics to study and evaluate data collected from various sources:

(a) Frequency distribution.

(b) Measures of central tendency.

(c) Measures of variability.

(d) Graphical representation.

5. What do you mean by Frequency distribution? What steps you will follow do construct a frequency distribution table?

Ans: The scores of data which are tabulated in a frequency table is known as frequency distribution or frequency distribution table. For constructing a frequency distribution table the following steps are essentials:

i. Determination of Range:

Firstly, We should find out the range of raw scores. Range refers to the difference between the highest and the lowest scores.

ii. Class-Interval:

After finding the range, Secondly we should determined the class-interval. The class-interval depends upon the range and the number of interval required according to the range of the scores.

iii. Midpoint of the class-interval:

The midpoint of interval is the logical choice that the scores are represented with in a given class-interval by some single value.

iv. Tallies:

After determining the class-interval, we should make tallies. A tally represent a scores that lies in anyone particular class-interval.

v. Frequencies:

After making the tallies, In final steps, we should given the number of frequencies. The total number of frequencies is the same as the total number of scores. We represent by ‘N’ the total number of frequencies.       

N.B- Without mid point of the class-interval, frequency distribution table we can put. But giving mid point of the class-interval is better for other purpose.

6. Tabulate the following 50 scores into frequency distribution using an interval of 5.

75, 62, 37, 48, 63, 62, 87, 62, 65, 81
71, 67, 46, 61, 38, 55, 68, 52, 55, 62
41, 60, 58, 83, 48, 57, 65, 60, 74, 51
51, 61, 77, 70, 77, 78, 32, 63, 35, 63
56, 73, 71, 69, 60, 74, 46, 68, 43, 64.

Solution:

Highest Score= 87

Lowest score= 32

Range= 87-32=55

Class-

Interval –Midpoint- Tallies–frequency

85 – 89          87             I            1

80 – 84          82           II             2

75 – 79          77          IIII            4

70 – 74          72         IIII  I          6

65 – 69          67         IIII  I          6

60 – 64          62      IIII  IIII III   13             

55 – 59          57          IIII            5

50 – 54          52           III            3

45 – 49          47          IIII            4

40 – 44          42            II            2

35 – 39          37          III             3

30 – 34          32            I              1

                                               N= 50

7. What is Measures of central tendency? Write two uses of measures of central tendency.

Ans: Measure of Central Tendency is the central value of a set of data which is defined as “the statistical measure that identifies a single as representative of an entire distribution.”

      The two uses of measure of central tendency are mention below:

(a) It is an average which represents all of the scores made by the group as a whole.

(b) It enables to compare two or more groups in terms of typical performance.

8. What are the types of measures of central tendency?

Ans: There are commonly three types of measures of central tendency. These are:

(a) Arithmetic Mean.

(b) Median

(c) Mode

9. What is Mean or Arithmetic Mean? Write three uses or merits of Mean as a measure of central tendency.

Ans: The scores are added and their sum is then divided by the number of the item is called Mean. It is defined as ‘the average of a set of number which reflects the central tendency of the position of the numbers.’

           The two uses of Mean as a measure of central tendency are:

(a) The mean can be used to know average idea or picture of a set of data.

(b) It is used to comparing two or more groups or frequency distribution in terms of typical or characteristics performance.

(c) It is used because it is the simplest but most useful measure of central tendency.

10. What is Median?

Ans: The median is the value in the middle of a data set that lie 50% of the case when the data are arranged in ascending or descending order which is called Median.

11. Mention three advantages or merits of Median as a measure of central tendency.

Ans: The three advantages or merits of Median as a measure of central tendency are mentioned below:

(a) Median is very easy to calculate and also simple to understand as a measure of central tendency.

(b) It is not affected by the extreme values between the largest and the smallest values because it is a positional average which is not dependent on magnitude.

(c) It’s value can be represented graphically with the help of ogive curves. But it is not possible in case of an arithmetic mean.

12. Write two disadvantages or demerits of Median as a measure of central tendency.

Ans: The two disadvantages or demerits of Median as a measure of central tendency.

(a) In ungrouped data, the arranging scores of the data in ascending or descending order of magnitude is time consuming in case of a large number of observations.

(b) It is a positional average which does not consider the magnitude of all the items.

13. What is Mode ?

Ans: The number of scores that occurs in the list several times which is known as Mode.

The formula of Mode is –

Mode= 3 Median – 2 Mean

14. Write two uses of Mode.

Ans: The two uses of mode are mentioned below:

(i) Mode is used where quick and appropriately measure of central tendency is desired.

(ii) Mode is used when we need to know the most often recurring score or value of the item in a series.

(iii) We complete mode when we have a graphical representation of the distribution.

15. What do you mean by Measure of Variability?

Ans: The extended data which cases tend to gather round the central tendency and to which they disperse themselves in a data set or statistical distribution is called Measures of Variability or Variation.

16. What are the different methods of Measures of Variability?

Ans: There are mainly four methods of measures of variability which are mentioned below:

(i) Range

(ii) Quartile Deviation

(iii) Mean Deviation or Average deviation

(iv) Standard Deviation

17. What is Range?

Ans: The difference between the highest and the lowest scores in a series is called Range.

18. Write two uses of Range.

Ans: The two uses of Range are:

(a) When rough and quick comparison is needed then we can use range as a measure of variability.

(b) When knowledge of extreme scores is all that is wanted then we can use range as a measure of variability.

19. Write the formula of Range in ungrouped data.

Ans: (Highest score – lowest score).

20. Write two difference between polygon and histogram.

Ans: The two difference between polygon and histogram are:

(i) The frequency polygon is a line graph of the given frequency distribution whereas, Histogram is essentially the bar graph of this distribution.

(ii) In the frequency polygon, all of the scores within given interval are represented by the midpoint of the interval. But in a histogram the scores are spread uniformly over the entire interval.

(iii) Frequency polygon gives a much better conception to know the trend of the distribution, But a Histogram is unable to tell such a thing.

Related Post Just Click Here : Chapter-1 Development of Secondary Education in India and Assam.

Class-12 | Education | Notes |
Chapter-1 Development of Secondary Education in India and Assam.
Chapter-2 Non-formal Education.
Chapter-3 Current Trends in Education
Chapter-4 Learning.
Chapter-5 (A) Memory and Forgetting.
Chapter-5 (B) Attention and Interest.
Chapter-6 Mental Health and Hygiene.
Chapter-7 Statistics and its application in Education.
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