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February 2024

Knowing Process | Sensation | Perception| Conception| Chapter-5

Knowing Process | Sensation | Perception| Conception| Chapter-5

Knowing Process

Sensation | Perception | Conception

Chapter-5

Important Questions Answer

Knowing process involves a series of mental functions like sensation, perception, conception and thought. Theses knowing processes of human mind involve a series of well organised psycho-physical functions that give a clear picture of our cognitive domain.

Sensation

1. What is Sensation?

Ans: Sensation is the simple and elementary form of consciousness or a physical awareness of the situation, which does not bear its clear meaning. It may said as the preliminary state of mind.

2. Give one definition of Sensation.

Ans: According to Warren Brown and Howard Gilhousen, “A sensation is an awareness of the bare quality of experience and rises directly from the stimulation of sense organ”.

3. What are the two conditions necessary for getting sensation?

Ans: The two conditions necessary for getting sensation are:

(a) Receptive ability of the sense organs to deprive impression out of the stimuli.

(b) Adequate stimulation of the external object.

4. What are the two sources of Sensation?

Ans: The two sources of sensation are:

(a) Internal. (Internal parts like stomas, intestines and muscles).

(b) External. ( like visual, auditory, tactual, olfactory and gustatory).

5. Can there be sensation without sense organs? Briefly explain.

Ans: Yes, there can be sensation without sense organs because there are two experiences of sensation. One is external and another is internal. External sensation react to external stimulation experiencing like visual, auditory, tactual, olfactory and gustatory senses. Internal sensation refers to internal parts of the body like stomach, intestines, and the muscles which do not have special experiences such as hunger, thirst, fatigue, head ache, etc.

So, it is evident that sense organs are not the only ways and means of getting sensation.

6. Write four characteristics of Sensation.

Ans: The four characteristics of sensation are mentioned below:

(i) Sensation is the simple physical experiences or bodily impression received from the environment.

(ii) Sensory experiences are fixed so far as the specific sense organs are concerned. One organ can not work for the other.

(iii) Sensation depends upon receptive capacity of the receptor cells and transmitting ability of the sensory and motor nerves of the organism.

(iv) Adequacy of sensation depends upon quality, intensely, duration, and clearness of the object in environment.

(v) Sensation is objective mental state, as it depends on stimulus.

(vi) Sensation is the simplest and the most elementary mental process.

7. What are types of Sensation? Explain briefly.

Ans: Accordingly sensation may be classified into three types namely,

(a) Organic Sensation:

It refers to the biological needs which bring about psychological changes in the internal part of the body of the organism. The sense of hunger, thirst, indigestion, vomiting, stomach pain, headache, suffocation, etc. are the organic sensation experienced. They do not have specific sense organ to be located. They effect the body in general.

(b) Special Sensation:

It refers to the specific five sense organs of the body. Their experiences of sensation are colour(vision), smell(olfactory), sound(auditory), taste(gustatory), and heat and pressure(tactual). Every kind of sensation is received by the specific sense organ out of the specific stimulus. Therefore, this kind sensation is also known as the gateways of knowledge.

(iii) Motor or Kinaesthetic Sensation:

This kind of sensation is experiences in the voluntary muscles, tendons and joints due to motor movement. Such experiences are contraction, pulling or pushing due to repeated physical activity which is known as motor sensation. This type of sensation is also quite vague that can not be clearly explained and distinctly localised on the body.

8. Write two educational significance of child’s sensation.

Ans: The educational significance of child’s sensation are mentioned below:

(a) In pre-school stage provision should be made for regular physical checkup of children in regard to their visual and auditory senses.

(b) Teacher should identify such children and offer necessary clinical help to them.

Perception

9. What is Perception?

Ans: Perception is the mental activity of giving meaning to our simple physical experiences of senses. In briefly, meaningful sensation is called perception. It indicates the active state of mind.

10. What are the basic nature and characteristics of Perception?

Ans: The basic nature and characteristics of Perception are mentioned below:

(i) Perception is the mental activity of giving meaning to our simple physical experiences of senses.

(ii) Perception depends upon past learning experiences and in keeping of their memory image or impression in mind.

(iii) Perception is liable to be incorrect and inadequate.

(iv) Perception may not always be objective, but be subjective depending on individual mental make up.

(v) Perception  is influenced by individual aims and objectives, hopes and aspirations in mind.

(vi) Perception depends upon mental maturity attained by the individual.

(vii) Perception is influenced by both subjectivity of individual mind and objectivity of the environmental situation.

(viii) It is a complex type of mental activity that comprises of assimilation, discrimination, association, objectification, and unification process.

11. Write two educational significance of child’s perception in the classroom.

Ans: The two educational significance of child’s perception in the classroom are:

(a) The teacher should co-relate knowledge of the present with the accumulated experiences of the past in his students in course of teaching.

(b) There in lies the validity and usability of giving instances and examples of the past in course of class-room teaching.

12. Mention four differences between Sensation and Perception.

Ans: The four differences between Sensation and Perception are mentioned below:

(i) Sensation is simplest mental state, whereas Perception is complex mental process.

(ii) Sensation is abstract, but Perception is concreate experiences.

(iii) Sensation is inactive or passive, but Perception is active state of mind.

(iv) Sensation gives raw materials, where as Perception is the product of knowledge.

(v) Sensation has no influence of past knowledge and experience, where as Perception grows out to them.

(vi) Sensation is objective, but Perception is objective as well as subjective both.

13. Write two basic relationship between Sensation and Perception.

Ans: The two basic relationship between Sensation and Perception are:

(a) Both sensation and perception are dependents on sensory stimulus.

(b) Both sensation and perception are external. It depends on external stimulus from the outer world.

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Chapter-5 | Physical basis of Mental Life | Class-11 | Notes

Chapter-5 | Physical basis of Mental Life | Class-11 | Notes

Chapter-5

Physical Basis of Mental Life

Class-11| Notes

Important Questions Answer

1. What is Physical basis of Mental life?

Ans: Physical basis of mental life refers to understand the relation between body and mind, concept of nervous system and about knowing process of sensation, perception and conception in this chapter. A good physical health indicates a good mind. Again mental happiness improves our physical health. It makes our digestive, respiratory, and circulatory system of functions. In this regard, Aristotle opinion that ‘education is nothing but creation of a sound mind in the sound mind’.

2. What are the three parts of the human body?

Ans: The three parts of the human body are:

(a) Nervous system.

(b) Effectors.

(c) Receptors.

3. What is Nervous System?

Ans: The most important part of the body from the stand point of mind is the nervous system that controls the working of the whole body.

4. How nervous structure is formed?

Ans: Nervous structure is formed by innumerable small number of units called the neurons. They are spread over all part of the body and perform a network service keeping physical connection with the central nervous system.

5. What is Neurons?

Ans: Neurons are the nerve cells having different size, shape and their complexity. In brief, the structural unit of the nervous system is the neuron.

6. What are the different parts or structure of Neurons. Explain briefly.

Ans: The neuron is constituted of its different parts. These are:

(a) Cell body.

(b) Nucleus.

(c) Axon

(d) End brush

(e) Dendrite.

(f) Synapse.

             The neurons are the nerve cells having different size, shape and their complexity. Each one of them is constituted of its cell body and the liquid part at its centre called nucleus. Out of the body of the neuron long fibre like part comes out to be known as axon. At the end part of axon there are a number of roots coming out, called the end brush. Again out of the cell body there are small roots coming out called the dendrites. The dendrites of one cell or neuron come in touch with the other neuron in sending the impulse is called the synapse. It is through this mechanism that the sense experience received by the body organs use to pass on the central nervous system.

7. What is Cells ?

Ans: The life of all living organisms whether it be a plant, animal or human being is made up smallest units in a human body, called Cells.

8.Why the cells are called the smallest unit of life ?

Ans: The life of all living beings is based on the working of the cells. That is why the cells are called the smallest unit of life.

9. What is Cytoplasm ?

Ans: All cells contain a fluid called cytoplasm.

10. What are the three types of Neurons ?

Ans: The three types of neurons are mentioned below:

(a) Sensory neuron:

It provides information through sense organs.  

(b) Motor-neurons:

It provides involuntary actions like- breathing, eye blinking etc. 

(c) Inter-neuron:

It provides messages from one neuron to another in the form of memories and thoughts.

11. What are the three types or parts of Nervous System ?

Ans: The three types or parts of nervous system are mentioned below:

(a) Autonomic nervous system.

(b) Peripheral nervous system.

(c) Central nervous system.

12. What are the two types of Autonomic Nervous System ?

Ans: The two types of autonomic nervous system are:

(a) Sympathetic.

(b) Para sympathetic.

13. What are the two types of Peripheral Nervous System ?

Ans: The two types of peripheral nervous system are:

(a) Somatic system or Cranial nerves: 

It makes connection of the sense organs and the muscles of the body with the brain. There are of 12 pairs of cranial nerves working for it.

(b) Automatic system or Spinal nerve: 

It is located on both sides of the spinal cord with a total of 31 pairs.

14. What are the two types of Central Nervous System ?

Ans: The two types of Central Nervous System are:

(a) Spinal Cord: 

It lies within the backbone.

(b) Brain: 

It is the centre of all forms of higher mental activities like- thought, intelligence, and emotional reactions.                              

15. What is Spinal Cord ?

Ans: Spinal Cord is the highway of the sensory and motor impulses that run to and from the brain and different parts of the body. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that run into the spinal cord.

16. Write two major components of Spinal Cord.

Ans: The two major components of spinal cord are:

(a) Grey matter:

It is located inside of the spinal cord.

(b) White matter:

It is located outside of the spinal cord.

17. Mention four functions of Spinal Cod.

Ans: The four functions of spinal cord are mention below:

(i) Spinal cord connects the brain with different parts of the body.

(ii) It works as a passage covering the sensory and motor impulses.

(iii) It directly controls and regulates the reflex actions like blinking of eye lids, sneezing, coughing and salivation.

(iv) It controls habitual and automatic activities like walking, running and knitting which do not require voluntary attention.

18. What is Brain ?

Ans: Brain is the most important part of the body of the central nervous system which forms higher mental activities like- thoughts, intelligence, and emotional reactions.

19. What are the different parts of the Brain ?

Ans: There are mainly three parts of the brain, namely:

(i) Cerebrum or fore brain.

(ii) Mid-brain.

(iii) Cerebellum or hind brain.

            Other parts of the brain are:

(a) Thalamus.

(b) Medulla oblongata.

(c) Pons variole.

(d) Cerebral cortex.

(e) Spinal cord.

(f) Pituitary gland.

(g) Corpus callosum.

Cerebrum or Fore Brain.

It is the larger part of the brain and is the seat of all forms of higher mental activity. It is divided into two halves called right and left hemisphere. Both right and left hemisphere of this brain are connected by a thick band of fibres which is called the corpus callosum brain. Again the brain of corpus callosum covered by a layer of grey matters with convolutions or twisting folds called cerebral cortex brain. The brain of cerebral cortex brain again subdivided into four loves or areas namely:

(a) Frontal lobe.

(b) Parietal lobe.

(c) Occipital lobe.

(d) Temporal lobe.

Again there are two fissures or narrow opening on the cerebral cortex brain namely:

(a) Fissure of Orlando.

(b) Fissure of Sylvius.       

Functions of Cerebrum or Fore Brain: 

Functions of the cerebrum or fore brain are highly complicated which may be stored out below:

(i) It controls and regulates all parts of the body and their psycho-physical activities.

(ii) It receives information from all the receptor organs and sends messages to them.

(iii) It controls all the voluntary muscular activities and behaviour of individual.

(iv) It acts as the centre of all forms of intellectual activities like- memory, thinking, reasoning and problem solving.

(v) Feeling and emotions experienced in different situations are also originated from this part of the brain.

(vi) Different sensory areas and the lobes function as unitary whole.

Mid-Brain:

This part of the brain is located between the cerebrum and the cerebellum. It is concerned with as a relay centre of nervous impulses and also regulates nature of physical motion of the individual.

Cerebellum or Hind Brain

The cerebellum part or hind of the brain is located behind and beneath of the brain cerebrum or fore brain. Its weight is about 140 grams. This brain is mainly responsible for maintaining equilibrium of the body and steadiness of movement. It controls and co-ordinates muscular movement and also controls finer senses of art, painting, drawing, games and sports, manual dexterity and motor skill etc.

Thalamus

This part of the brain is located at the centre of the brain just below the cerebrum. There are four different parts of it named. These are:

(i) Dorsal thalamus.

(ii) Epi-thalamus.

(iii) Hypo-thalamus.

(iv) Sub-thalamus.

The dorsal thalamus part of the brain passes sensory impulses to the cerebrum which is also known as sensory centre. The other rest of the three parts acts as a motor centre and the hypothalamus part is also controls emotional experience of individual.

Medulla Oblongata

This is the upper part of the spinal cord. It contains the nerve cells and fibre tracts connecting the cerebrum. It is the centre of blood circulation and respiratory function. A person may even die if this part is injured. It controls breathing as well as heart rate. It also acts as a sleep centre.

Pons Variole

This part of the brain is a thick bundle fibres which connects the two halves to the cerebellum with the cerebrum and the medulla oblongata. It forms a bridge in between the vital parts of the brain. Here, right hemisphere of the cerebrum controls the left side and the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body.

20. Mention two basic functions of the Brain.

Ans: The two basic functions of the brain are:

(a) Cognitive functions like- learning, memory, thinking etc.

(b) The regulation of physiology of the body.

21. What are called Receptors Mechanism?

Ans: Our five sense organs that is eye, ear, nose, skin and tongue are constituted of some receptors cells capable of receiving sense impression out of stimuli in environment, So they are called the receptors.

22. What are the two types of receptors mechanism? Give example.

Ans: The two types of receptors mechanism are:

(a) External receptor: For example –  eye, ear, nose, tongue and skin.

(b) Internal receptor: For example – Pain, hunger, etc.

23. What are the different parts of structure of the sense of vision eye?

Ans: There are different parts of structure of the sense of vision eye. So, the major parts of structure are mentioned below:

(a) Cornea:

The thick layer which is exists in front of the eye ball that is called Cornea.

(b) Aqueous humour:

Behind the cornea rests the transparent and liquid substance is called Aqueous humour.

(c) The Iris:

Behind the back of the humour there is exists two black circular parts, one is upper regions and second one is lower regions called iris.

(d) Pupil:

In between upper and lower regions of the two parts of the circular, there may be seen the deep black hole that is called the Pupil.

(e)  The Lens:

Behind the pupil there exists a transparent and solid part that is called the lens.

(f) Ciliary Muscles:

The lens is fixed with the muscular part in all sides which is called the ciliary muscles.

(g) Vitreous Humour:

In ciliary muscles, there is exists a big circular area with jelly-like substance inside the eye ball called vitreous humour. This humour is covered by three layers.

(h) The Retina:

In the inner layer of the vitreous, there are some sensitive cells covering two-third of the area called the retina. Retina of the inner layer is constituted of two types of receptive cells called cons and rods.

(i) Choroid:

The middle layer of the vitreous humour is constituted of black substance called choroid.

(j) Sclerotic Coat:

The outer layer of the vitreous humour is constituted of white substance called sclerotic coat.

(k) Blind Spot:

The part of the retina from where the optic nerve begins is called the blind spot. Here the cons and rods are totally absent.

(l) Yellow Spot:

There is another spot on the retina where the cons and rods are more concentrated to give maximum visual senses is called yellow-spot.

N.B: The most important parts of structure of the sense of vision Eye are namely, 1. Cornea. 2. The iris. 3. The lens and 4. The retina.

24. What are the three major or main parts of structure of the sense of Ear?

Ans: The three major or main parts of the sense of ear are namely:

(a) The Outer Ear:

This part is consisted of its hole in the middle that enters into the interior region which is called Auditory canal. At the end of the canal there is the thin and sensitive membrane called the ear drum. It receives and transmits the sound wave into interior region.

(b) The Middle Ear:

It is consisted of a cave in which there are three small bones namely, hammer or ossicles, anvil or incus and stirrup or steppes bone are arranged in a chain order in this part. The stirrup bone which is touches the oval window at its inner end. Out of the middle ear, there is a tube passes down to the neck which is connected to the nose called eustachian tube.

(c) The Inner Ear:

This part is started with the oval window that connects the three semi-circular canals and the cochlea that acts like a spring. They are transmitting the impulse of sound through auditory nerve to the auditory centre of the brain.

25. What is the third major name of sensory organ?

Ans: Skin.

26. What are major four types of tactual senses of skin?

Ans: The different types of tactual senses of skin are :

(a) Pain.

(b) Pressure and touch.

(c) Warmth.

(d) Cold.

    Along with these, there are some other types of tactual senses which are mentioned below:

(e) Itching.

(f) Burning.

(g) Softness.

(h) Hardness.

(i) Smoothness.

(j) Roughness.

(k) Dryness.

(l) Wetness etc. They indicate the magnitude of physical experiences of this kind being received.

Again, we should know that Physiological structure of the skin may be divided into three layer. These are:

(i) Epidermis Layer:

This type of skin is located on the surface of the body with a very thin membrane, where sensory experiences remain absent.

(ii) Dermis Layer:

It is located under the epidermis which gives different cutaneous senses.

(iii) Fat Layer:

It is located under the dermis as a thick layer of the muscles called fat layer. It gives rise to physical weight of individual.

 Other parts of skin are:

(iv) Oil Gland.

(v) Hair Follicle.

(vi) Blood Vessels.

(v) Sweet Gland.

Point to be remember:
  • Each eye is about 25 mm in diameter and weighs about 7gm.
  • The sense vision of eye is called the queen of receptors.
  • Skin is the third major sensory organ and it gives cutaneous sensation.
  • It serves as the alternative sense organ to seeing.
  • As a specific sense organ, skin cover the whole body organism but it does not give equal sensory stimulation to all the parts.
  • Outer parts of the body, skin sensation is found to be more intense than the inner parts of the organism.
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Different Methods of Educational Psychology | Education | Notes

Different Methods of Educational Psychology | Education | Notes

Different Methods of Educational Psychology | Education | Notes

Important Questions Answer

Methods of Educational Psychology

1. What are the different method of Educational Psychology. Briefly explain any two of them.

Educational psychology has its own method of study which are employed to improve teaching learning process in the classroom. The method uses to gather facts about the nature of children to know how they learn, how they develop and how the various aspects of a child’s personality passes through the several stages of growth and development. Educational Psychologist have adopted various means and methods. A few of them are mentioned below:

(a) Introspection Method.

(b) Observation Method.

(c) Clinical Method.

(d) Experimental Method.

(e) Case Study Method.

(f) Sociometric Method.

(g) Project or Projective Method.

(h) Statistical Method.

Introspection Method

2. Briefly explain the concept of Introspection method and its merits and demerits.

Introspection method is that type of method which is examine our own mental process of thoughts, feelings and motives. In this method, one places oneself in the place of the other person and tries to understand his feelings.

            This is the oldest method of educational psychology. Here, The word ‘Introspection’ means self study or inner action of the mind. This method is composed of two words, “Intro” means ‘within’ and “aspection” means ‘looking’. Therefore, the combination word ‘introspection’ means ‘self observation’ or ‘looking within ones own mental stage’.

For example: Suppose you are happy, and in the state of happiness, you look within yourself. Then that means you are introspecting your own mental feelings and examining what is going on in your mental process in the state of happiness.

Merits of Introspection Method:

(a) This is the method which is cheapest and most economical. We do not need any apparatus or laboratory for its use.

(b) This method can be used any time and anywhere.

(c) This method is very simple and is readily available to the individual.

(d) This method helps us in understanding our mental experiences and their improvement.

(e) It is the only method where individual can know his emotions and feelings itself.

Demerits of Introspection Method:

(a) In this method, Study has to be made when the mind is working, which has to be done by the individual himself. Otherwise, it will be disappears due to their emotional state like- anger, sorrow, etc.

(b) This method can be applied only in the case of normal individuals but not for abnormal individuals.

(c) Introspection can not made by children.

(d) In this method, The observer has to be highly trained and skilled person.

(e) It is criticised as a subjective method. That is why, the data acquired through it are may not at all reliable.

Observation Method

3. Write in brief on observation method and its merits and demerits.

Observation means to notice something. It is an important method of educational psychology. This methods includes the observation of the behaviour of a person at different times. The various mental feelings and anger, fear, love, happiness, sadness, etc. can be observed under this method by the outward expression of a person.

          This method tries to study human nature by observing expressed behaviour in various situations. There are different types of observation like- direct and indirect, natural and artificial, planned and unplanned, participant and non participant, etc.

Advantages of Observation method :

(i) With the help of this method, Behavioural problems in children can be located and preventive measures can be adopted.

(ii) This method can be used with children of all ages who are shy and problematic.

(iii) This method can be used in every situation where it does not require any special tool or equipment.

Disadvantages of Observation method:

(i) If the subject comes to know that he is being observed he may not behave naturally.

(ii) If the observer does not record the behaviour during the time of observation, he may forget a part of it when he tries to record it.

(iii) The observer may get only a small sample of students behaviour. It is very difficult to observe everything that a student does.

Clinical Method

4. Write a short note on clinical method, its merits and demerits.

The clinical method is an important method of educational psychology. This method used primarily to study behavioural problems of maladjusted individuals. This method is related to the field of medicine. The main purpose of this method is to study a particular individuals problem as a ‘case’ or ‘cases’ of a group to detect problems and suggested remedial measures.

Advantages or merits of the method of Clinical:

(i) This method takes into account the past and present history of the ‘case’ to study behavioural problems.

(ii) It also studies unconscious behaviour along with overt behaviour.

(iii) This method is regarded as a scientific one and it yields reliable results.

Disadvantages or demerits of the method of Clinical:

(i) It is difficult to observe complex behaviour and to provide useful remedies.

(ii) The interpretation of the case study may not always be correct because of the observers own intuition and theoretical.

Experimental Method

5. Write about experimental method, its merits and demerits.

This method is one of the popular method of studying educational psychology. This method implies the study of the behaviour in a controlled situation that is experimental laboratory. In this method , the cause of the problem is found out before finding the solution, experiment are then caried out. This method can also be applied to test the mental abilities and intelligence of the students through certain tests. But experiment has to be very careful while drawing conclusion.

Advantages or merits of Experiment Method:

(i) This method is based on real experiment and therefore, the findings are reliable.

(ii) It helps a teacher to understand a child better after analysing the data.

(iii) As the conditions are under control the different mental process of the child can be studied accuracy.

Disadvantages or demerits of Experimental Method:

(i) This method is not always possible to control all conditions properly.

(ii) The experiment can be carried out by trained persons only.

(iii) If proper rapport can not be established between the subjects and the experimenter, the result will not be correct.

(iv) As lot of apparatus are required to carry out the experiment so that the method becomes expensive.

Case Study Method

6. Write short note on case study method, its merits and demerits.

Case study method is one of the important method of educational psychology. This method is used in the case of a problem of child. In this method, the history of the family of the child, his early life, student life, home and school life are studied thoroughly. This method is applied on children having psychological problem like- learning difficulties, behavioural problems, emotional disturbance etc. But not only in case of problematic children, this method also used in case of gifted children also.

Advantages or merits of Case Study Method:

(i) Case study method is useful and popular method used for studying special characteristics in individuals.

(ii) It helps to understand the root causes of behavioural problems faced by the subject after analysing the obtained data.

(iii) It also helps teacher to adopt remedial measures and rehabilitation of problems of children.

Disadvantages of Case Study Method:

(i) Case study method is a lengthy and time consuming.

(ii) The Collection of data and their analysis is difficult in this method.

(iii) The finding are always not reliable because it depends upon the information provided by the person himself which may not be authentic.

Socio-Metric Method

7. Who introduced socio-metric method ? Write its merits and demerits.

Socio-metric method is one another method of educational psychology which was first developed in 1946 by Dr. J.L. Moreno and Hellen Jennings. This method studies the social behaviour of individual relationship that exists between individuals or among members of a particular group to provide an interesting study of their nature of social relationship for measuring the status of each individuals. The nature and the degree of such relationship can be objectively assessed by using questionnaire, check list, interview, rating scales, standard tests etc.

Advantages or merits of Socio-metric method:

(i) Socio-metric method helps to make study the social relationship of an individual or among members of the group.

(ii) This method gives us an understanding of the likings and disliking’s of all the members of the groups.

(iii) Through this method teacher may know the most accepted and rejected students to organize group activity of the students in various academic and non- academic field out of it.

Disadvantages or demerits of Socio-metric method:

(i) Socio-metric method can be used to test only one trait of personality that is sociability.

(ii) The process of collection of data is not very scientific as if done through collection of opinion of member of particular group.

(iii) The response of a child regarding some questions may be affected by peer pressure.

Project or Projective Method

8. Write a brief concept of Projective Method. Enumerated its merits and demerits.

Project or projective method is a psycho-analytical method of educational psychology. This method applied in knowing the unconscious and repressed elements of individual mind. This method provides opportunity to evoke responses from unconscious mind which reveal a persons desire, hopes and wishes that could not be fulfilled in the reality. Such responses are drawn by presenting a broad range of testing materials like- pictures, ink-blot cards, drawing and painting, free association test, sentence completion, arranging and interpreting picture situations, filling in the blanks and so on. The responses are expected to reveal one’s inmost thoughts, ideas, emotions and complexes that have been repressed.

Advantages or merits of Projective method:

(i) Projective method is very helpful for psychiatrist for dragonising and treating mental disorders.

(ii) Through this method a complete picture of the personality of a person can be obtained.

(iii) This method also helps to externalize the inner thoughts and ideas of an individual.

Disadvantages or demerits of Projective method:

(i) Project projective method is time consuming and interpretation of the response is very difficult.

(ii) A common classroom teacher can not apply it because for the administration of projective tests special training is necessary.

Statistical Method

9. Write a brief concept of Statistical Method. Mention its merits and demerits.

Statistical method is also a one of the method of educational psychology. This method is being used for study and analysis of human behaviour and responses. In this method, the data is made which is collected by the experimenter on various occasion. This method uses to compare the intellectual development of two children or the same child over the years as he develops. This method also helps to compare the results of two classes, two schools, and so on. Statistical methods used are consisted of measure of central tendency, variability, percentile, coefficient of correlation, etc. Use these methods  can simplify the complex data for objective and numerical observation of the result with greater reliability.

Advantages or merits of Statistical method:

(i) The calculations are accurate hence findings are reliable.

(ii) The facts collected has to be accurate for accuracy of the method.

(iii) One very important merits of this method is that scientific procedures are always followed in every steps of any statistical method.

Disadvantages or demerits of Statistical method:

(i) A common teacher is not capable of applying it as this  method requires specially trained personnel.

(ii) If proper statistical method is not applied, the findings may be wrong and hence harmful for the subject.

Related Post Just Click Here : Chapter-5 Physical Basis of Mental Life.
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