1. What is Statistics?
Ans: Statistics is a process of scientific method that deals with description of data in the form of numerical value which helps for collection, tabulation, classification, analysis and interpretation of data related top p[re determined purpose is called Statistics.
2. Explain the meaning of the term ‘Statistics’.
Ans: The term ‘Statistics’ have been derived from ‘Latin’ word ‘Status’, Greek word ‘Statistique’, Italian word ‘Statista’, and German word ‘Statistic’. So that meaning of these word is ‘Political state’ or ‘a government’.
3. Discuss the needs and importance of statistics in education and psychology.
Ans: Statistics is very important in education and psychology which are discussed in the following bellows:
i. For Presentation of Score:
Statistical methods helps in the construction of various psychological test like- achievement test, intelligence test, aptitude test, interest inventories, attitudes etc.
ii. For presentation score:
It helps us in proper and systematic presentation of the scores obtained from various educational and psychological cal tests and measure.
iii. To make prediction:
It helps the teacher to render guidance to the students to make prediction regarding their future progress.
iv. To know individual difference:
Statistics also helps to know individual difference of the students in terms of their academic performance.
v. To keep various types of Record:
It provides the teachers to keep various records of his students as well as of the school record.
vi. To make selection, classification and promotion:
Statistics also helps the teachers to make selection, classification and promotion of the students.
4. What are the different methods of Statistics?
Ans: There are some methods of statistics to study and evaluate data collected from various sources:
(a) Frequency distribution.
(b) Measures of central tendency.
(c) Measures of variability.
(d) Graphical representation.
5. What do you mean by Frequency distribution? What steps you will follow do construct a frequency distribution table?
Ans: The scores of data which are tabulated in a frequency table is known as frequency distribution or frequency distribution table. For constructing a frequency distribution table the following steps are essentials:
i. Determination of Range:
Firstly, We should find out the range of raw scores. Range refers to the difference between the highest and the lowest scores.
ii. Class-Interval:
After finding the range, Secondly we should determined the class-interval. The class-interval depends upon the range and the number of interval required according to the range of the scores.
iii. Midpoint of the class-interval:
The midpoint of interval is the logical choice that the scores are represented with in a given class-interval by some single value.
iv. Tallies:
After determining the class-interval, we should make tallies. A tally represent a scores that lies in anyone particular class-interval.
v. Frequencies:
After making the tallies, In final steps, we should given the number of frequencies. The total number of frequencies is the same as the total number of scores. We represent by ‘N’ the total number of frequencies.
N.B- Without mid point of the class-interval, frequency distribution table we can put. But giving mid point of the class-interval is better for other purpose.
6. Tabulate the following 50 scores into frequency distribution using an interval of 5.
75, 62, 37, 48, 63, 62, 87, 62, 65, 81
71, 67, 46, 61, 38, 55, 68, 52, 55, 62
41, 60, 58, 83, 48, 57, 65, 60, 74, 51
51, 61, 77, 70, 77, 78, 32, 63, 35, 63
56, 73, 71, 69, 60, 74, 46, 68, 43, 64.
Solution:
Highest Score= 87
Lowest score= 32
Range= 87-32=55
Class-
Interval –Midpoint- Tallies–frequency
85 – 89 87 I 1
80 – 84 82 II 2
75 – 79 77 IIII 4
70 – 74 72 IIII I 6
65 – 69 67 IIII I 6
60 – 64 62 IIII IIII III 13
55 – 59 57 IIII 5
50 – 54 52 III 3
45 – 49 47 IIII 4
40 – 44 42 II 2
35 – 39 37 III 3
30 – 34 32 I 1
N= 50
7. What is Measures of central tendency? Write two uses of measures of central tendency.
Ans: Measure of Central Tendency is the central value of a set of data which is defined as “the statistical measure that identifies a single as representative of an entire distribution.”
The two uses of measure of central tendency are mention below:
(a) It is an average which represents all of the scores made by the group as a whole.
(b) It enables to compare two or more groups in terms of typical performance.
8. What are the types of measures of central tendency?
Ans: There are commonly three types of measures of central tendency. These are:
(a) Arithmetic Mean.
(b) Median
(c) Mode
9. What is Mean or Arithmetic Mean? Write three uses or merits of Mean as a measure of central tendency.
Ans: The scores are added and their sum is then divided by the number of the item is called Mean. It is defined as ‘the average of a set of number which reflects the central tendency of the position of the numbers.’
The two uses of Mean as a measure of central tendency are:
(a) The mean can be used to know average idea or picture of a set of data.
(b) It is used to comparing two or more groups or frequency distribution in terms of typical or characteristics performance.
(c) It is used because it is the simplest but most useful measure of central tendency.
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