Class-12
Important Questions Answer
Chapter-1 Development of Secondary Education in India and Assam
In this title, You will get important questions answer related to know about:
- Development of Secondary Education in India.
- Mudaliar Commission1952-53.
- Kothari Commission 1964-66.
- National Policy of Education 1986.
1. What is Secondary Education?
Ans: Secondary Education means the education system that lay’s between primary education and higher education which is imparted to prepare the adolescence boy’s and girl’s for their future life is called Secondary Education.
Mudaliar Commission 1952-53
2. Mention two measures as suggested by Mudaliar Commission to develop leadership qualities among students.
Ans: The Mudaliar Commission suggested the following two measures to develop leadership qualities among the students which are mentioned below:
i. The secondary education should train the person to assume the responsibilities of leadership in social, pollical, industrial, and cultural life of their community or country.
ii. This education should provide the students professional efficiency and all the facilities inside the school for the formation of good character.
3. Discuss about the defects of Secondary Education as pointed out by Mudaliar Commission 1952-53.
Ans: The Mudailiar Commission pointed out the following defects of secondary education which are discussed below:
i. Narrow and one sided:
Firstly, The defect of Secondary Education system is that the prevailing system of education in narrow and one-sided which has failed to train the whole personality of the students.
ii. Impractical:
Secondly, The defect of Secondary Education system in secondary schools is isolated from life, while it should be consonance with the requirement of life. Therefore, The students do not develop a proper insight into their life.
iii. No scope for Close Contact:
Thirdly, The number of students in each class is so large that it becomes impossible for the teachers to establish close personal contact with their students.
iv. No scope for Self Expression:
Forth defect was that a rigid time table, unsuitable text books, and unduly detailed syllabus don’t give the teacher sufficient opportunities of the students in their dependence thought and initiative in action.
v. Examination Orientation:
Fifth defect was pointed that there was too much stress on examination, curriculum was overcrowded, method of teaching was not scientific and up-to-date and also was lack of proper material aims.
vi. Lack of Facilities for play and Recreation:
Sixth defect was that there was no proper provision for playgrounds, group games, and other recreational activities. Therefore, The school work does not have the atmosphere, vitality and joyousness. Hence, the total personality of the children.
4. Write briefly about the aims of Secondary Education as suggested by Mudaliar Commission 1952-53.
Ans: Mudaliar Commission 1952-53 recommended the following aims of education in Secondary Education system which are discussed below:
i. Development of Democratic Citizenship:
The Commission has realised that no nation can progress without a national feeling along with social feeling. Therefore, The aim of secondary education should be produced such ideal citizens in the schools like – values of discipline, cooperation, patriotism, equality of thoughts, speech and writing who imbued with strong national and social feeling for the sake of the nation.
ii. Improvement of Vocational Capability and Efficiency:
The Commission is of view that after having received secondary education one should be able to earn enough for maintaining himself. For developing the capacity, Vocational subjects should be introduced in the curriculum such as craft and productive work like – agriculture, technical commercial courses to add to the productive capacity of the country.
iii. Development of Personality:
As we know that man is a social animal, So he should have the spirit of cooperation, discipline, humility, love, kindness and the feeling of brotherhood. So, for the development of personality, the curriculum must have the subjects like – science, literature, fine arts, humanities, music and dace which inculcate these virtues in students.
iv. Education for Leadership:
Secondary Education should develop the quality of leadership in students. This quality is very necessary for the sake of democracy and for the development of the country as a whole in various fields of life, namely – social, cultural, political, industrial, etc.
v. Education for formation of character:
Secondary Education should be provided for man’s personality as a whole in the school which can help to modify our behaviour, character, and knowledge in all aspects of human development.
5. When Secondary Education Commission was constituted?
Ans: On 23rd September, 1952.
6. Who was the Chairman of Secondary Education Commission?
Ans: Dr. Laksman Swami Mudaliar.
7. ____________ Commission suggested “Education for Leadership” as an aim of Secondary Education.(Fill in the blank).
Ans: Secondary Education Commission or Mudaliar Commission 1952-53.
8. 'Secondary Board of Assam' was established in 1962 as a result of the recommendation of __________ (Fill in the Blank).
Ans: Secondary Education Commission or Mudaliar Commission 1952-53.
Point To be Remember
- Formed: On 23rd September, 1952.
- Submitted Report: On 29th August, 1053 in 250 pages of 15 chapters.
- Appointed By: Government of India.
- Chairperson: Dr. Lakhsmnana Swami Mudaliar.
- Secretary: Sri. A.N Basu.
- Total Members: Nine(9)
- Name of all Members: 1. Dr. Lakshmana Swami Mudaliar (Chairperson/ Vice chancellor of Madras University.
2. A.N Basu (Secretary).
3. Shri K.L Mali.
4. Shri K.G. Saiyidain.
5. Shri M.T Was.
6. Shri J.A Taraporevala.
7. Shrimati Hansa Mehta.
8. Dr. Kenneth R. Williams (Foreign Country).
9. Prof. John Christie (Foreign Country).
- Purpose: For the reconstruction and modification of secondary education system.
- Method used to enquiry:
i. Questionnaire method
ii. Interview method
- Secondary Education Commission was appointed in 1952-53 to study all aspects of secondary education in India.
- According to the commission, the aims of Secondary Education were:
i. Development of Democratic Citizenship.
ii. Improvement of Vocational Capability and Efficiency.
iii. Development of Personality.
iv. Education for Leadership.
v. Education for formation of character.
Kothari Commission 1964-66
1. Write two suggestion of Kothari Commission regarding ‘Education and Productivity’.
Ans: The two suggestions of Kothari Commission regarding ‘Education and Productivity’ are mentioned below:
i. The Kothari Commission suggested education should be job oriented and greater importance should be given to education in agriculture, science, industrial and technical subjects.
ii. In place of bookish knowledge, Education greater importance should be attached to the acquisition of practical knowledge and skills.
2. Write two suggestion of Kothari Commission regarding ‘Education and Modernization'.
Ans: The two suggestions of Kothari Commission regarding ‘Education and Modernization’ are mentioned below:
i. Education must keep abreast of the social changes now-a-days take place at a breath-taking place.
ii Education must be so oriented that the educated society may respond appropriately to the new challenges of national reconstruction.
iii. Education must be quick expansion of secondary and higher education.
3. What is ‘Work Experience’?
Ans: The participation of students in productive situation at home, factory, firm, workshop, etc. to make the learner economically self-sufficient, educative to abecome a purposeful is called ‘Work Experience’.
4. Write briefly about the aims of education as suggested by Kothari Commission 1964-66.
Ans: The Kothari Commission or National Education Commission or Indian Education Commission 1964-66 suggested the following as national aims of education which are discussed bellow:
i. Education and Productivity:
The Kothari Commission suggested that education should be job oriented and greater importance should be given to education in agriculture, science, industrial and technical subjects and also greater importance should be attached to the acquisition of practical knowledge or skills.
ii. Promoting Social and National Integration:
India is a big country having people of various languages and religious people so that national unity is a problem. For solving this problem, The Commission suggested such programmes like – N.C.C and A.C.C should be staged in education at every level through which community, social and national spirit may be strengthened.
iii. Education and Modernization:
Society may be modernized through modernization of education so that the commission suggested that the new ideas will be developed in society and narrow ideas will disappear mainly due to the adoption of science-based- technology which is necessary for modernization of society.
iv. Developing Social, Moral and Spiritual values:
For all these values, The commission stressed value –based education related to life both by direct method (like co-curricular activities, celebration of religious festival, social service programmes etc.) and indirect method (like – values of co-operation, honesty and integrity, discipline and social responsibility) to the individual for the maximum development of his personality.
5. Explain the new structural process of education recommended by Kothari Commission 1964-66 on school system of education in India.
or
What are the recommendation given by the Kothari Commission 1964-66 on the structural process of Indian Education?
or
What type of changes of structural process of secondary education mentioned in Indian Education Commission 1964-66?
Ans: The Kothari Commission 1964-66 suggested spread over the new educational structure which is mentioned below:
1. Pre-School (Nursery, LKG,UKG class) – 1 to 3 years.
2. A ten years period of General Education:
(i) Lower Primary Education (class i – iv) – 4 to 5 years.
(ii) Higher Primary Education (class v-vii) – 3 or 2 years.
(iii) Lower Secondary Stage (class viii- x) – 3 or 2 years.
3. Higher Secondary Stage (class xi-xii) – 2 or 3 years.
(i) General Education – 2 years. or
(ii) Vocational Education —–1 – 3 years.
4. Degree Courses -3 years, followed by courses of varying durations for higher studies.
All the above mentioned, This commission also recommended that the age of admission class-I should not be less than six years. The first public examination will come at the end of 10 years of school. A new higher secondary courses should provide specialised studies in different subjects and the pre-University courses should be transferred from Universities to Secondary School.
6. “The destiny of India is now being shaped in her classroom” – Who said this statement?
Ans: Kothari Commission 1964-66.
7. Which Commission suggested ‘Vocational Education’ is considered to be the most “Crucial and Controversial” ?
Ans: Kothari Commission 1964-66.
8. Pre- Primary Education is the stage extend ______________ (Fill in the blank).
Ans: 1-3 years.
9. Which Commission suggested ‘Productivity’ as an aim of Secondary Education?
Ans: Kothari Commission 1964-66.
10. __________ Commission suggested Transfer of Pre-Primary course from University to Secondary School. (Fill in the Blank).
Ans: Kothari Commission 1964-66.
11. Which Commission suggested the 10+2+3 structure of Education?
Ans: Kothari Commission 1964-66.
12. Which Commission suggested ‘Acceleration of Modernization’ as a major aim of Education?
Ans: Kothari Commission 1964-66.
13. Assam Higher Secondary Education Council was established in 1984 on the basis of the recommendation of ___________ commission. (Fill in the blank).
Ans: Kothari Commission 1964-66.
Point To be Remember
- Formed: On 14th July, 1964
- Appointed by : Government of India.
- Submitted Report : On 29th June, 1966
- Chairmanship : DR. D.S Kothari
- Secretary : J.P Naik
- Associate Secretary : J.F. Mc Dougal
- Total Members : 17
- The Kothari Commission 1964-66 suggested the following aims of education:
- Education and Productivity.
- Promoting Social and National Integration.
- Education and Modernization.
- Developing Social, Moral, and Spiritual values.
- The Kothari Commission 1964-66 recommended 10+2+3 Formula of educational pattern. Where, 10 years School Education, 2 years (+2) Pre-degree or Higher Secondary Education. And 3 years Degree Courses included in this formula.
- Kothari Commission 1964-66 stressed for the total development of Indian Education System and advocated for standard and structure.
- The Commission stressed on the extension of Vocational Education in Secondary level and recommended ‘Work Experience’ to make it scientific.
National Policy of Education 1986
1. In which year first National Policy of Education in India was formulated?
Ans: In 1968, the first National Policy of Education in India was formulated.
2. A Status Paper ‘Challenge of Education – A policy perspective’ is related to ___________ .(Fill in the blank).
Ans: National Policy of Education 1986.
3. ‘Delinking Degree from job’ – This aspects was recommended by ___________. (Fill in the blank).
Ans: National Policy of Education 1986.
4. Write briefly about the main features of new Education Policy of 1986.
Ans: The main features of new Education Policy of 1986 are briefly discussed below:
i. Role of Education:
The policy stated that education is an investment in the present and the future so that this is fundamental to our all round development, material and spiritual. It can develop man power of different levels of the economy and substrate on the development of national self-reliance.
ii. Education for Equality:
The policy proposes to lay special emphasis on the removal of disparities and to equalise educational opportunities in the status of women in terms of participation in vocational, technical and professional education at different levels.
iii. Early Childhood Care and Education:
In place of Pre-Primary or Nursery Education, The policy gives lays stress on the holistic nature of child development viz nutrition, health and social, mental, physical, moral and emotional development in order to build a solid and broad foundation for lifelong learning and wellbeing.
iv. Elementary Education:
In relation to Elementary Education, The NPE 1986 emphasis following aspects:
(a) Universal access and enrolment.
(b) Universal retention of children up to 14 years of age.
(c) A sustainable improvement in the quality education to enable all children to achieve essential levels of learning.
v. Operation Blackboard:
For conveying the idea of NPE 1986, The minimum facilities will be provided for studying to improve their Primary Education. These includes-
(a) Two reasonably large rooms which are usable in all weather conditions.
(b) Blackboard.
(c) Maps, charts and other learning and play materials.
(d) Tatpatti (Carpet) for seating children and other essential materials.
vi. Vocationalization of Education:
The policy has advocated the inclusion of scientific and technical subjects in the curriculum to study vocational courses according to their interest. This education will minimise the unemployment problem.
vii. Adult Education:
The new policy has suggested a vast programme of adult and continuing education, particularly in the age of 15-35 years through the central and state government, political parties and their mass organization.
On the above mentioned , there have some other features which are given below:
viii. Non-formal Education.
ix. Delinking Degree from job
x. Secondary Education
xi. Higher Education
xii. Open University. Etc.
5. What is the full form of ECCE?
Ans: The full form of ECCE is Early Childhood Care and Education.
6. What is the full form of ICDSP?
Ans: The full form ICDSP is Integrated Child Development Service Programme.
7. What do you mean by ‘Early Childhood Care and Education’?
Ans: The term ‘Early Childhood Care and Education’ is generally defined as the care and education of children from birth to eight years to provide as a support service for universalisation of primary education, to enable girls in taking care of sibling to attend school and a support service for working women belonging to proper section is known as ‘Early Childhood Care and Education’.
The aim of this education stress on the holistic nature of child development namely – nutrition, health and social, mental, physical, moral and emotional development.
8. What is Adult Education?
Ans: Adult Education is a vast programme of adult and continuing education which aims at extending educational options to those adults who have lost the opportunity and have crossed the age of formal education to impart functional literacy to non –literates in the age of 15-35 years in a time bound manner is called Adult Education.
9. What do you mean by ‘Vocationalization of Education’?
Ans: In simple term, Vocationalization of Education means the education which prepares people to work individuals to be self employed with requisite skill to move forward in their careers is known as ‘Vocationalization of Education’.
10. What is ‘Operation Blackboard’?
Ans: Operation Blackboard is a centrally funded programme that was launched in 1987 soon after the Rajiv Gandhi National Education Policy was released to provide in the nation with the minimum required necessary service.
The purpose of the scheme is to provide the requisite institutional equipment and educational material for students studying in primary organization to improve their education.
11. What is ‘Navodaya Vidyalaya’?
Ans: Navodaya Vidyalaya is a system of central schools for talented students predominantly from rural areas in India. It is an organization which is run by the Ministry of Human Resource Development. These schools are affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education(CBSE), New Delhi with classes from vi-xii standard.
12. Enumerated the characteristics of ‘Navodaya Vidyalaya.
Ans: The characteristics of ‘Navodaya Vidyalaya’ are enumerated in the following below:
i. Entrance on the basis of Merit.
ii. Reservation for rural, SC, ST and girls students.
iii. Co-educational residential schools with free education
iv. Promotion of National Integration.
v. Adherence of three language namely- Regional language, Hindi and English.
vi. Location of Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya.
13. Write four objectives of ‘Navodaya Vidyalaya’.
Ans: The four objectives of ‘Navodaya Vidyalaya’ are mentioned below:
i. To promote excellence coupled with equity and social justice.
ii. To foster national integration by providing opportunities talented children.
iii. To become catalysts of a nation-wide programme of school improvement.
iv. To school will be residential and free of charge.
Point To be Remember
- Formed: On April 1986.
- Objective : Seeks to develop its system of education to express and promote its unique of Socio-cultural identity to meet the challenges of the times.
- Government of India formulate a new Education policy 1986.
- Government of India introduces new innovative concept in every aspects of Secondary Education.
- The role of Education is the main key of this policy for national development.
- This Policy emphasizes ‘Vocationalization of Education’ particularly in Secondary stage.
- ‘Operation Blackboard’ and ‘Navodaya Vidyalaya’ scheme are the special aspects of National Policy of Education 1986.
Related Post Here You Click (Part -2) Chapter-1 : Problems of Secondary Education in Assam.