1. What is Learning?
Ans: A considerable change in the behaviour of the organism is called Learning. It means learning is the modification of behaviour and a process which starts from birth of the child and continues till death.
2. Write four characteristics of Learning.
Ans: The two characteristics of learning are:
(a) Learning is goal oriented and purposive.
(b) Learning is the process of adjustment of an individual with his environment.
(c) Learning takes place due to new experience and training.
(d) Learning is the establishment of bond between stimulus and response.
3. Who said, " Learning is the acquisition of new behaviour or strengthening and weakening of old behaviour as the result of experience."
Ans: According to Smith, ” Learning is the acquisition of new behaviour or strengthening and weakening of old behaviour as the result of experience.”
4. Who said, " Learning is both acquisition and retention of habit, knowledge and attitude."
Ans: According to Skinner, ” Learning is both acquisition and retention of habit, knowledge and attitude.”
5. Who said," Learning is the modification of behaviour through experience and training."
Ans: According to Gates, ” Learning is the modification of behaviour through experience and training.”
6. Who defines, " Learning is any change in behaviour resulting from behaviour."
Ans: J.P. Guilford defines, ” Learning is any change in behaviour resulting from behaviour.”
7. Mention two relationship between Maturation and Learning.
Ans: The two relationship between Maturation and Learning are mentioned in the following below:
(a) Learning and Maturation both result in modification of behaviour.
(b) Maturation provides readiness to learn.
8. Mention two difference between Maturation and Learning.
Ans: The two difference between Maturation and Learning are mentioned below:
(a) Learning is a result of Environmental Stimulus. On the other hand, Maturation is biological in nature.
(b) Maturation occurs due to neural and muscular development. On the other hand, Learning takes place through practice and experience.
9. ‘Learning depends upon maturation’ – Explain
Ans: Yes, it is true that learning very much depends upon maturation. For example – A two years old child can not be taught reading or a two month’s old child can not be given toilet training. So to learn something we have to wait a certain level of maturation essential to facilitate that learning. So maturation of the child is an important conditions in learning a new task.
10. Mention three types of factors of learning.
Ans: The three types factors of learning are:
(a) Psychological factor.
(b) Physiological factor.
(c) Environmental factor.
11. Discuss about different factors of Learning.
Ans: There are different learning factors so that some of factors are briefly discussed below:
i. Intertest and Attitude:
Interest and attitude are important factors for successful learning. We will learn faster if we interested in the material to be learnt. So that active intent to learn on the part of the learner is always better learning than passive attention given by them.
ii. Motivation:
Motivation refers to the internal state that derives the learner towards some goal. So that an individual motivation or the urge to learn brings about better learning. That is why, Motivation is one of the most important factor of learning.
iii. Feedback or Knowledge of result:
Knowledge or feedback is an important factor of learning. It acts as a strong incentive to learn which helps in elimination error and increase precision in performance.
iv. Reward and Punishment:
Reward and punishment is also important factor of learning. So that a reward is a positive and a punishment is a negative reinforcement. These are key to learning. But if these are not applied in the right way at the right time, there is no learning.
v. Effective of previous learning:
New learning depends on old learning. Thus, learning is always influence by previous experiences.
vi. Meaningfulness of the material:
The meaningfulness of the material to be learnt contributes to learning efficiency if the learning materials are meaningful, than it is easier to learn.
vii. Value of review or Recall:
Effortful recall has powerful influence on learning. Recall may also be termed as mental review. So that this is also one another factor of learning.
12. What are the methods of Learning?
Ans: There are mainly three methods of learning. These are namely:
(a) Trial and Error method of Learning.
(b) Method of Insightful Learning
(c) Method of Learning by Conditioning
Points to be Remember
- Learning is a life long process.
- Modification of reactions or behaviour through experience is Learning.
- Three major methods of Learning are
(a) Trial and Error method of Learning.
(b) Method of Insightful Learning
(c) Method of Learning by Conditioning
13. Who was the propounder of ‘Trail and Error method of Learning’?
Ans: Edward Lee Thorndike.
14. Who said, “Learning is the result of connection or bond established between Stimulus(S) and Response or Reaction (R).
Ans: Edward Lee Thorndike.
15. Trail and Error method of Learning is based on the theory of __________ . (Fill in the Blank).
Ans: Theory of Connectionism.
16. The soul of the Trail and Error method of Learning is _______________ . (Fill in the Blank).
Ans: Repetition.
17. Modification pf reactions or behaviour through experience is _____________. (Fill in the Blank).
Ans: Learning.
18. Through repeated attempts a student succeeds in computing a sum by himself. Such learning is supported by ______________ method of learning. (Fill in the Blank).
Ans: Trial and Error Method of Learning.
19. Write four characteristics of Trial and Error method of Learning.
Ans: The four characteristics of Trial and Error method of Learning are:
i. It is a gradual process.
ii. It is bond established between Stimulus(S) and Response(R).
iii. Human and animal both can learn through this method.
iv. It is described as blind mechanical method of learning.
v. It is a common and simple method of learning. There is no need high intellectual or mental ability of this method.
vi. In this method, Wrong attempt given away to the right attempt.
20. Write briefly about the educational implication of Trial and Error method of Learning.
Ans: The educational implication of Trail and Error method of learning are discussed in the following below:
i. Trail and Error method of learning enables the pupil to gain efficiently in different subject by making repeated attempt in his or her own way.
ii. Bad habit can be given up and good habit can be formed through this method of learning
iii. Through this method, Various educational problems can be solved. Moreover the common people in their day to day problems of life can also be solved.
iv. This method is more useful for the children of low intelligence because there is no need of high intellectual ability in Trial and Error method of Learning.
Points to be Remember
- Trail and Error method of Learning is based on the theory of Connectionism propounded by Edward Lee Thorndike.
- According to Thorndike, Learning is the result of bond established between Stimulus(S) and Response(R).
- The soul of the Trail and Error method of Learning is Repetition.
- Trail and Error method of Learning lays stress on the ‘Learning by Doing’.
- Thorndike carried out an experiment on Trail and Error method learning with a Cat.
21. Who was the propounder of Insightful Method of Learning?
Ans: The three German psychologist Wertheimer, Kohler and Kafka were the propounder of Insightful method or Gestalt theory of Learning.
22. Gestalt is a ____________ word. (Fill in the Blank).
Ans: German word.
23. Insightful method of Learning is based on ____________ .(Fill in the Blank).
Ans: Gestalt theory.
24. What is the meaning of Insightful learning?
Ans: The meaning of Insightful learning means ‘Whole’ or ‘Total pattern ‘ of learning where the learners tries to grasp the whole situation, but not as a part.
25. ‘Learning involves totality of perception’ – which method of learning is related with this statement?
Ans: Insightful Method of Learning.
26. Write the major characteristics of Insightful method of learning.
Ans: Major characteristics of Insightful method of learning are given below:
i. Learning occurs sudden.
ii. It emphasises more on the whole than parts.
iii. It emphasises on power of observation and perception.
iv. It avoids blind mechanical process of Trail and Error method of Learning.
v. Insight is related to the intellectual level. Generally human beings have more insight then the lower species of animal.
vi. This method is not helpful for common people.
27. Write briefly about the educational implication or significance of Insightful method of Learning.
Ans: Following are the educational implication of Insightful learning:
i. It makes man self-dependent and become guide to his own action.
ii. It is very helpful for creative and constructive activities in the higher stage of learning which encourages one to undertake research and experimental independently.
iii. This theory is very much helpful in adopting problem solving approach in the class.
iv. This theory also can help the learners to develop reasoning, thinking, and imagination power so that their creative potential are always encouraged.
v. It is very helpful to gifted children because there is need of higher intelligence in insightful learning.
vi. In order to understand a difficult subjects this method has proved to be very useful.
Points to be Remember
- Insightful learning based on Gestalt theory.
- The German psychologist Wertheimer, Kohler and Koffka were the propounder of Insightful learning.
- Gestalt is a German word which means ‘whole’ or ‘total pattern’.
- Learning occurs sudden.
- This method followed the method of Trail and Error. It means this theory supported on Trail and Error method of learning.In an act of learning the learners tries to grasp the whole situation, but not as a part.
- In an experiment, Kohler kept the most intelligent Chimpanzee ‘Sultan’ confined to a cage.
28. Who was the propounder of Conditioning theory of Learning?
Ans: A Russian psychologist and physiologist Ivan Pavlov.
29. ___________ Method of learning establishes bond between natural tendency and artificial stimulus. (Fill in the Blank).
Ans: Classical Conditioning Theory.
30. Write major characteristics of Conditioning theory of learning.
Ans: Major characteristics of Conditioning theory of learning are given below.
i. It is a mechanical process.
ii. Repetition is necessary for this learning.
iii. Learning is the result of condition or bond between natural and an artificial stimulus.
iv. There is no need of higher intelligence in conditioned learning. It is organic.
31. Write briefly about the educational implication of Conditioning theory of Learning.
Ans: With regard to the educational implication of Conditioned theory of learning we may say in the following ways:
i. Reward and punishment are closely associated with conditioning. Reward strengthen the bond and encourages the students to do something better. On the contrary, punishment weaken and discourages it.
ii. It stresses the importance of repetition in learning which is very useful for reading, writing, spelling, etc.
iii. It stresses the importance of the idea os association of learning which is also very much helpful in learning and memorization.
iv. With this method, It is possible for children to develop good habits like- neatness, cleanliness, punctuality, regularity, discipline, etc.
v. With the help of this method, bad habit may be broken.
vi. Language can be developed through this method.
vii. It emphasizes the importance of the right type of training during the early period of life.
Points to be Remember
- A Russian psychologist and physiologist Ivan Pavlov was the propounder of Conditioning theory of Learning.
- Pavlov carried out an experiment on a hungry dog.
- Learning occurs when response is associates with other artificial stimulus instead of natural stimulus.
32. Explain briefly about Thorndike laws of learning and show their educational implication.
Ans: Edward Lee Thorndike carried out various experiments on learning. He observed certain common characteristics os learning which are applicable for men and animal. From his experiment he formulated mainly three major laws of learning which are briefly discussed along with its educational implications below:
(1) Laws of Readiness:
This laws emphasizes the importance of readiness to learn. Readiness depends on maturation and experience of the learner simultaneously. When a pupil feels to learn, he or she can learn more quickly and effectively. But when he or she not ready to learn, he or she can not learn effectively so that according to Thorndike physical readiness is necessary for learning.
It’s Educational Implication:
Educational Implication of law of readiness are pointed below in the following below:
i. If learners are not ready to learn in the class, the teacher should not teach them at all.
ii. The teacher should know the appropriate physical situation of the students before going to teach a lesson.
iii. The teacher should tried to motivate to be prepared to learn.
(2) Law of Effect:
This law of learning depends upon the result or effect. If the result of any activity is satisfactory, the learner is more inspired to repeat it. But if the result is dissatisfactory, the learner is not inspired to repeat it. For example: When the child solves questions correctly he will be encouraged to do more. But if he fails repeatedly, he will be discouraged to do more. So that this law indicates that a thing which gives pleasure is easily learn and a thing which gives some trouble is not learned. This law is also known as law of satisfaction and dissatisfaction and also known as law of pleasure and pain.
It’s Educational Implication:
Educational implication of law of Effect are pointed below in the following ways:
i. The teacher can apply it in the classroom situation by introducing the principles pf pleasure and pain, reward and punishment.
ii The teacher should made use of the technique of reward and punishment in attempt of learning.
iii. The teacher should pay attention to those thing which gives pleasure and create interest to pupils.
(3) Law of Exercise:
This law indicates that exercise or practice is necessary for learning. Here, repetition makes vary strong the connection between stimulus and response. Without repetition, the connection between stimulus and response become weak. But When a activity is repeated frequently, it becomes easy and strong. So that in simple word we can say that id practice is continued, the process of learning experience becomes strong and long lasting. This law of learning has been divided into two parts such as:
(a) Law of use.
(b) Law of disuse.
It’s Educational Implication:
Educational implication of law of Exercise are pointed below in the following below:
i. A teacher should teach a lesson to the students again and again if necessary so that the students may grasp it clearly.
ii. The teacher should emphasizes the importance of repetition or practice for memorizing and mastering of any subject.
iii. The teacher should always advice the students to form good habit by repetition.
iv. The teacher should give opportunity to the students to keep fresh the knowledge of various subjects they acquired.
v. Undesirable behaviour and activity of the students may be eliminated a stop to their repetition.
33. The basis of reward and punishment in education is the laws of _____________of learning. (Fill in the Blank).
Ans: Law of Effect.
Points to be Remember
- Edward Lee Thorndike formulated three major laws of learning namely:
(1) Laws of Readiness
(2) Law of Effect
(3) Law of Exercise
- Physical readiness is necessary for learning, yet mental readiness is also necessary for learning.
- Learning depends upon the result or effect.
- Learning takes place by exercising. If practice is continued, the process of learning becomes strong.
- Thorndike says, “When a modifiable connection is made between a situation and a response that connections strength is other things being equal increased”
- Again Thorndike says, “When modifiable connection is not make between a situation and a response over a length of time that connections strength is decreased.”