March 8, 2024

1. Who was the founder of the ‘School of Behaviourism’ in 1913?

Ans:  John Broadus Watson, shortly called J.B. Watson.

2. When J.B. Watson published his first book “Behaviour: An Introduction to Comparative Psychology”?

Ans: In the year of 1914.

3. In which year second the book “Psychology from the Standpoint of Behaviourist” appeared by J.B. Watson?

Ans: J.B. Watson’s second book “Psychology from the Standpoint of Behaviourist” appeared in 1919.

4. Who wrote third book “Behaviourism” in 1925?

Ans: J.B. Watson wrote his third book ‘Behaviourism’.

5. What do you mean by Behaviour?

Ans: Behaviour is nothing, but it is the outer behavioural result of physical response or organic reaction to environmental stimulation of the living organism.

6. _________ is the result of the bond or connection between a stimulus(S) and response(R). (Fill in the blank).

Ans: Behaviour. (S-R=B).

7. On which aspects Human Behaviour Base?

Ans: Human behaviour base depends upon the following aspects or factors:

• The stimulating capacity of the environmental situation.
• Receptive capacity of the receptor organs.
• Reacting capacity of the brain or the central nervous system.
• Transmitting ability of the sensory and motor nerve of the body.

 7. What are two types of Behaviour?

Ans: The two types of behaviour are:

(a) Overt behaviour:

It is based on external manifestation of response, and it is observable. For example- Physical reaction of any kind of disturbance.

(b) Covert behaviour:

It is based on internal reaction or responses to a stimulus   which are not observable. For example- thinking process, emotion and motivation of the human behaviour.

8. Who was published his great book “The Origin of Species”?

Ans: Charles Darwin.

9. In which year Charles Darwin published his great book “The Origin of Species”?

Ans: In the year of 1859.

10. What is Needs? Give one example.

Ans: ‘Need’s refers to a physical condition of lack or deficiency of biological substances which takes place in the organism in course of the responses or reaction to environmental situation. For example: thirst s the need.

11. Mention two characteristics of Needs.

Ans: The two characteristics of needs are:

• Needs of the lower animals are limited, but they appear more complicated in the higher animal life man.
• Needs are felt as a result of physiological changes which takes place owing to give response to the environment.

12. Briefly explain the Maslow’s theory of hierarchical needs.

Ans: It was Maslow’s who formulated the concept of need hierarchy where five different needs are arrange in order to repetency. These are:

(i) Physiological needs:

It is explained as the basic or fundamental needs of the human being. Example: needs for food, water, oxygen, temperature, sex, etc. This needs also termed as the biological needs of the living organism which are essential for self-existence.

(ii) Safety needs:

Safety means the condition of being safe or freedom from danger, harm or risk. Example: need for physical security, protection, stability, freedom from anxiety, danger, etc.

(iii) Love and belongingness needs:

These needs arise in the process of socialization which are satisfied with the help of social interaction. Example: need for friendship, for belonging to a group, showing love and affection to families, need for companion, etc.

(iv) Esteem needs:

Esteem needs arise two sets of needs which are included need for strength, competence, self-confidence, independence, etc. fall under the first set. Likewise, need for prestige fame, dominance, dignity and appreciation fall under second set.

(v) Need for self-actualization:

Self-actualization means the desire for self-fulfilment. For example: need for perfection, beaty, goodness, truth, etc.

13. What is Drives? Give with example.

Ans: In brief, Drives are the psycho-physical forces which operate as the constant motivational forces towards the fulfilment of needs. Example: hunger drive, sex drive, drives for wealth, drive for achieving distinction, etc.

14. Write two characteristics of Drives.

Ans: The two characteristics of drives are:

(i) Drives are the active side of the needs.

(ii) Drives stand for energy that gives effect to motor movement in the organism.

15. From where the term ‘Instinct’ has been originated?

Ans: The term ‘instinct’ has been originated from the ‘Latin’ word ‘instincts’ which means ‘impulse’.

16. What is Instinct?

Ans: Instinct is an inborn (innate) tendency of living beings to respond to certain situations in a particular way. It is not learned but biologically inherited. Training and experience may modify or improve instinct, but they cannot create them.

In short, instinct is a natural, automatic response that guides the behaviour of living beings in different situations.

17. Write two characteristics of Instinct.

Ans: The two characteristics of Instinct are:

• Instincts are the innate and inherited tendencies of the living organism.
• Instincts are universally similar in all living creatures of men and animals.
• All the instincts do not appear to be equally powerful throughout life.
• Instinct are unlearned patterns of reacting.

18. What are the three functions or aspects of instincts mentioned by Mc Dougal?

Ans: The three functions or aspects of instincts mentioned by Mc Dougal which are mentioned below:

• Cognitive or perceptual aspects: Example, A situation of hungry which constitute the cognitive aspects.
• Conative or motivational aspects: Example, When we move towards taking that food.
• Affective or emotional aspects: Example, Feeling of fear.

19. What are Quasi-Instincts?

Ans: Those innate tendencies which do not have any specific emotion or any specific bodily behaviour are called Quasi-instincts. Such as sympathy, suggestion, imitation, play and habit or routine are general tendencies.

20. Mention four points of difference between instinct and reflex-action.

Ans: The four points of difference between instinct and reflex-action are:

Reflex-action

(i) It is an automatic and quick sensory reaction. 

(ii) It affects only a specific part of the body. 

(iii) It is controlled by the Spinal cord.  

(iv) It cannot be trained or changed.  

 Instinct

(i) It is an inborn emotional reaction of body and mind.

(ii) It affects the whole person’s body and mind.

(iii) It is controlled by the Brain.

(iv) It can be trained and modified.