1. What is Attention?
Ans: Attention is an act of focusing or concentrating our consciousness on a particular object or idea of the environment.
2. Give any one definition of Attention.
Ans: (i) According to James Ross, “Attention is a process of getting an object of thought clearly before the mind.”
(ii) According to W.R Ryburn, “Attention is an activity of the personality and into it enter feeling and will as well as the fundamental activity we call cognition.”
3. Mention four salient features or characteristics of Attention.
Ans: The four salient features or characteristics of Attention are mentioned below:
i. Attention is not a mental power, but a mental activity.
ii. Attention is not paid to each and everything that stimulate our sense organs.
iii. Attention is dynamic.
iv. Attention is selective.
4. What are the two types of Attention?
Ans: The two types of Attention are:
(a) Voluntary or Volitional attention.
(b) Involuntary or Non-voluntary attention.
5. What are the two types of Voluntary or Volitional attention?
Ans: The two types of Voluntary or Volitional attention are:
(a) Explicit voluntary attention.
(b) Implicit voluntary attention.
6. What are the two types of Involuntary or Non-voluntary attention?
Ans: The two types of Involuntary or Non-voluntary attention are:
(a) Enforced involuntary attention.
(b) Spontaneous involuntary attention.
7. What is Voluntary or Volitional attention?
Ans: When an individual is physically and mentally ready to pay attention and he does it out of his own will, is called Voluntary or Volitional attention. For example: A student with strong will to shine in life will pay attention to his studies in spite of poverty.
8. What is Explicit voluntary attention?
Ans: The attention which is paid due to the attractive capacity of the stimulus created by external factors is known as Explicit voluntary attention. For example: New fashion dress in market.
9. What is Implicit voluntary attention?
Ans: The attention which comes from within towards that object and not created by external factors is called Implicit voluntary attention. For example: A high level of intelligence person.
10. What is Non voluntary or involuntary attention?
Ans: When an individual one’s not mentally ready to pay attention by one’s interest or will but his mind is drawn towards that stimulus is called Non voluntary or involuntary attention. For example: A blowing horn, a very bright light etc.
11. What is Ideational attention?
Ans: When attention is dependent of an individuals personal thoughts, ideas, imagination etc. is called as ideational attention. For example: when an individual become mentally engrossed in something and may even become unconcerned of what is going around him, it is due to ideational attention.
12. What is Sensory attention?
Ans: When attention is paid due to stimulation of the sense organs is called sensory attention. For example: A blowing horn, a bright light, etc.
13. What is analytic attention?
Ans: While paying attention in every aspects of the object or an idea which is observed minutely then it is called analytic attention.
14. What is Synthetic attention?
Ans: When one pay’s attention to a picture as a whole instead of looking separately to its components then, it is called synthetic attention.
15. What is Immediate attention?
Ans: If the object or the stimulant of the environment is very strong and attractive which can draws one’s attention immediately then, it is called immediate attention. For example: Specialty in size, novelty, etc.
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16. What is Derived attention?
Ans: If something is very important and very attractive and is connected with the object then we pay attention due to that factor then, it is termed as derived attention. For example: The date of 15th August because it is connected with our independence.
17. What are the two different group of factors that determinants of attention?
Ans: There are certain factors which produce and control attention in a person. These factors are known as determinants or conditions of attention. Conditions or determinants of attention are divided into two groups which are mentioned below:
(a) Objective or external conditions.
(b) Subjective or internal conditions.
18. Describe about objective or external factors of conditions that determinants of attention.
Ans: Objective or external conditions of attention are those characteristics which are found in the objects or stimuli and it can help easily to draw our attention. So that some of important objective or external conditions of attention are briefly explain in the following below:
i. Intensity:
Attention is directly proportional to the intensity of the stimulus. For an example: A loud noise, a sparking light and deep colours which attracts our attention at once.
ii. Size:
The size is influenced to give attention on a particular objects or stimulus. For an example: A tall building, an elephant, etc.
iii. Novelty:
Newness of the object is of universal appeal to all people which attract our attention. For an example: New fashions dress at market,, New mobile phone, etc.
iv. Contrast:
A contrasting situation means contrasting colours, contrasting size etc. can attract our attention. For an example: A tall and a short person walking together attract our attention.
v. Situation:
Situation or location of an object can also attract positively as a factor to draw our attention. For an example: Important news is published on news paper.
19. Describe about Subjective or internal conditions factors of conditions that determinants of attention.
Ans: Subjective or internal conditions of attention are inherent and also some are acquired factors. Some of subjective conditions of attention are briefly explain below:
i. Instincts:
Instincts are inborn tendencies and a typical kind of behaviour that urge the organism to attend in a certain type of object which is natural and instinctive. For example: Hunger which makes one attend to food.
ii. Emotion:
Emotions also a kind of typical behaviour which influence to attend the object in a certain situations. For example: The emotion of fear all our attention will be fixed at the object of fear.
iii. Sentiments:
Our sentiments also impels us to pay attention to the objects. For example: Mother attend to every aspect of her child out of sentiments.
iv. Habit:
Habitual action which also pay attention to certain things but not to others. For example: A pick-pocketers always has an eye on pocket.
20. What is Interest?
Ans: Interest is regarded as the most important internal condition that inspires an individual to pay attention.
21. From where the term ‘Interest’ was originated?
Ans: The term ‘interest’ was originated from ‘Latin’ word which means ‘It matter or ‘it concern’.
22. Mention four characteristics of Interest.
Ans: The four characteristics of Interest are mentioned below:
i. Interest is a inherent condition of attention.
ii. Interest may be innate or acquired.
iii. Interest may be long lasting as well as temporary.
iv. Interest is innate state of mind which inspires one act from within.
23. Mention two sources or factors that influence the interest of an individual.
Ans: The sources or factors that influence the interest of an individual are mentioned below:
(a) Age.
(b) Intelligence.
24. What are the two types of interest?
Ans: The two types of interest are:
(a) Innate and acquired interest.
(b) Permanent and transitory interest.
25. Write short note on Innate and acquired interest:
Ans: The interest which arising from natural tendencies like- instincts and emotions are called Innate interest. This kind of interest inborn and on conscious process is involved with it. This type of interest is also known as instinctive interest. For example: Mother’s love in her child, an adolescents interest on opposite sex etc are example of innate interest.
On the other hand, The interest which originated due to acquired disposition like- sentiments, habits, character, ideals and tastes are called acquired interest. An acquired interest is the interest which is deliberately by a person. For example: Interest of a musician towards music may be cited here as example of acquired interest.
26. Write short note on Permanent and transitory interest:
Ans: Permanent interest are those interest which may be formed out of learning and experiences. These are deep-rooted interest and may be short lived. For example: Interest of a scholar towards his specialized subject, or interest of a business man towards his profession are example of permanent interest.
On the other hand, Transitory interest or temporary interest are those interest which are only a short time interest. This type of interest is motivated by some temporary force at a particular point of time and it is situational nature. For example: Our interest in the morning newspaper is an example of transitory interest.
27. Supposing yourself as a primary school teacher, What steps will you take to develop attention and interest in children.
Or
Discuss how do a teacher can develop attention and interest of students in classroom activities?
Or
Discuss the role of teacher to make children interested in the classroom activity.
Ans: A teacher may keep the following few points in mind to develop and sustain students attention and interest in learning:
i. Setting the proper aims and objectives:
Before teaching and learning, Teacher should be clearly defined the aims and objectives of teaching a particular lesson and the students also should be made to set definite goals and purposes.
ii. Proper selection and organisation of learning experiences:
The teacher should select and organise the content to be taught in a suitable way by keeping in view all the psychological principles.
iii. Use appropriate methods and teaching aids:
The teacher should adopt efficient and effective methods of teaching for the delivery of his lesson and use suitable audio-visual aids.
iv. Make proper use of sentiments and ideas:
Sentiments and ideals also control and direct children’s interest. Therefore, they should be harnessed for creating and maintaining interest.
v. Arranging proper learning situations or environment:
Like the classroom furniture, sealing arrangement, lighting and ventilation, the scheduled time-table for learning in a particular subjects etc. should be properly considered while making attempt for arousing and maintaining interest of the pupils in a learning activity.
28. “Attention and interest are two sides of the same coin” - Explain
Or
Discuss the relation between attention and interest.
Ans: In view of the close relation between attention and interest different psychologist have given different point of view:
Mc. Dougal in his book ‘An outline of psychology’ stated that “Interest is latent attention and attention is interest in action.” He said that long attention remains hidden in our mind, that state may be called interest. The same latent or hidden interest when becomes active, it is called attention. Thus according to Mc. Dougal attention and interest are very closely associated.
Again J.S Ross in his book ‘Groundwork of Educational Psychology ’ stated attention and interest are like ‘two sides of the same coin.’ As interest creates attention and also attention when put voluntary can develop interest.
On the hand educational pint of view, attention and interest are regarded as both ‘means and ends’ in education because academic achievement of students primarily depends upon these two factors. Which motivates once to learn something. Hence it may be called ‘means; in education.
Again modern educationists are of the opinion that a teacher primarily duty is to develop attention and interest in students and interest in students for self learning so that may called ‘ends’ in education.
So therefore, from the point of view of different psychologist and educationalists we can say that both attention and interest are both related each other and also can say that both are the two sides of the same coin.
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